1、大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 37及答案与解析 Section C 0 Emotion is a feeling about or reaction to certain important events or thoughts. People enjoy feeling such pleasant emotions as love, happiness, and contentment. They often try to avoid feeling unpleasant emotions, such as loneliness, worry, and grief. Individu
2、als communicate most of their emotions by means of words, a variety of sounds, facial expressions, and gestures. For example, anger causes many people to frown, make a fist, and yell. People learn ways of showing some of their emotions from members of their society, though heredity(遗传 )may determine
3、 some emotional behaviour. Research has shown that different isolated peoples show emotions by means of similar facial expressions. Charles Darwin, famous for the theory of natural selection, also studied emotion. Darwin said in 1872 that emotional behaviour originally served both as an aid to survi
4、val and as a method of communicating intentions. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions developed in the 1880s, people feel emotions only if they are aware of their own internal physical reactions to events, such as increased heart rate or blood pressure. But this theory was not upheld by r
5、esearch on cats that had their nervous systems damaged. The cats could not feel their body s internal changes, but they showed normal emotional behaviour. John B. Watson, an American psychologist who helped found the school of psychology called behaviourism, observed that babies stimulated by certai
6、n events showed three basic emotions fear, anger, and love. Watsons view has been challenged frequently since he proposed it in 1919. The most widely accepted view is that emotions occur as a complex sequence of events. The sequence begins when a person encounters an important event or thought. The
7、person s interpretation of the encounter determines the feeling that is likely to follow. For example, someone who encounters a bear in the woods would probably interpret the event as dangerous. The sense of danger would cause the individual to feel fear. Each feeling is followed by physical changes
8、 and desires to take action, which are responses to the event that started the sequence. Thus, a person who met a bear would probably run away. Several American psychologists independently developed the theory that there are eight basic emotions. These emotions which can exist at various levels of i
9、ntensity are anger, fear, joy, sadness, acceptance, disgusts, surprise, and interest or curiosity. They combine to form all other emotions, just as certain basic colours produce all others. 1 It can be inferred from the second paragraph that those who are born blind （ A） have emotions different from
10、 those of sighted persons （ B） have some facial expression like those of sighted persons （ C） depend only on words to express their feelings （ D） seldom communicate with other people by means of gestures 2 The James-Lange theory of emotions_. （ A） overlooked internal physical reactions （ B） exaggera
11、ted the function of stimulating events （ C） faced a challenge from counter evidence （ D） offered a narrow interpretation of emotions 3 In the sequence of events for emotions to occur, which is next to the encounter of an important event? （ A） Interpretation made. （ B） Responses produced. （ C） Feelin
12、g stimulated. （ D） Action taken. 4 Emotions are compared to colours because_. （ A） they are classified in a similar way （ B） they have the same influence on people s life （ C） both of them may take on different forms （ D） both of them may have basic elements mixed in them 5 The main purpose of this
13、writing is to_. （ A） arouse readers interest in emotional behaviours （ B） help readers enjoy pleasant emotions （ C） outline the development of theories about emotions （ D） analyze various emotions and physical changes 5 Experts in the food industry are thinking a lot about trash these days. Restaura
14、nts, colleges, hospitals and other institutions are compensating for the rising costs of waste in novel ways. Some are tracking their trash with software systems, making food in smaller batches or trying to compost and cut down on trash-hauling costs. “We have all come to work with this big elephant
15、 in the middle of the kitchen, and the elephant is this Its okay to waste belief system,“ said Andrew Shackman, president of LeanPath, a company that helps restaurants cut back food waste. A 2004 University of Arizona study estimated that 40 to 50 percent of food in the United States is wasted. Whol
16、esale food costs have risen more than 8 percent this year, the biggest jump in decades, according to the National Restaurant Association. Freshman students at Virginia Tech were surprised this year when they entered two of the campuss biggest dining halls to find there were no cafeteria trays. Getti
17、ng rid of trays has cut food waste by 38 percent at the cafeterias, said Denny Cochrane, manager of Virginia Techs sustainability program. Before the program began, students often grabbed whatever looked good at the buffet, only to find at the table that their eyes were bigger than their stomachs, h
18、e said. That same phenomenon often happens at Oregon s Portland International Airport. Busy travellers often discard half-eaten meals into trash cans, adding dozens of tons of waste that the airport must pay the city to haul away. Now the airport is ramping up a three-year-old program to install foo
19、d-only trash cans. The food waste is collected in biodegradable bags and given to the city to use as compost, said Stan Jones, aviation environmental compliance manager at the airport. Besides being environmentally friendly, the changes may save the airport money. It costs about $82 to have one ton
20、of trash hauled from the airport to the city landfill. But food waste costs about $48 a ton to haul. Cutting back on the waste can require spending money on software and training. LeanPath, based in Portland, Ore, sells a software system to track food being tossed out. Steve Peterson, head chef at t
21、he MGM Grand hotel in Las Vegas, said he was surprised when he installed the LeanPath system and saw the value of food that was going out the back door. Much of the waste came from sauces, dressings and trimmings that weren t eaten. To cut costs, Peterson decided to reduce serving sizes. He said cus
22、tomers werent bothered by the switch, which has helped him trim food waste by between 15 to 20 percent over 18 months. 6 According to the first paragraph,_. （ A） lots of food are wasted as crops are hauled from far away （ B） food waste is the most serious problems for restaurants and stores （ C） exp
23、erts put forward many proposals to solve the issue of trash （ D） busy restaurant assembly lines produce millions of tons of trash 7 What does Andrew Shackman say we should pay attention to? （ A） How to use novel ways to compensate for the costs of waste. （ B） How to get ride of the “Its okay to wast
24、e“ belief system. （ C） How to haul tons of food waste in the middle of the kitchen. （ D） How to call for institutions to deal with the issue of food waste. 8 The program operated at Virginia Tech_. （ A） does not work on freshman students （ B） makes students take more food at the buffet （ C） has cut
25、food waste at the cafeterias （ D） makes students eat less than they should 9 What do we learn about Oregon s Portland International Airport? （ A） The travellers there have to pay the airport to haul away waste. （ B） The food waste there will be used as compost in the city. （ C） Food-only trash cans
26、were installed there 3 years ago. （ D） The travellers there are not allowed to discard half-eaten meals. 10 What did the customers of MGM Grand hotel respond to reduced serving sizes according to Peterson? （ A） They usually couldn t realize it. （ B） They were irritated with food in smaller amount. （
27、 C） They considered it a good way to cut waste. （ D） They didn t show any displeasure. 10 Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the U
28、nited States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone(generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust)that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emi
29、ssions short of a massive shift away from the private automobile is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol. All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller
30、and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds involves
31、a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would
32、require that vehicles have set of heavy fuel tanks a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply. Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have h
33、igher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol s most
34、 attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant. Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone“ vehicles that do not incorporate
35、 even the simplest design improvements that are made possibly with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and h
36、eavier. However, since methanol-fuelled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone“ vehicles fuelled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still con
37、tribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution. 11 The author of the text is primarily concerned with_. （ A） countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem （ B） reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem （ C） identifying the strengt
38、hs of possible solutions to a problem （ D） discussing a problem and arguing in favour of one solution to it 12 Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the first sentence of the text? （ A） Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase, t
39、he town s tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area. （ B） Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continues to increase. （ C） Although a town s citizens reduce their individual use of wate
40、r, the town s water supplies continue to increase because of a steady increase in the total populating of the town. （ D） Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continues to incre
41、ase. 13 According to the text, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because_. （ A） the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons （ B） the combustion of gasoline embraces an intricate set of reactions （ C） gasoline molecul
42、es have a simple molecular structure （ D） gasoline is composed of small molecules 14 The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of methanol? （ A） It is substantially less expensive than ethanol. （ B） It has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels. （ C） Its
43、 use would make design improvements in individual vehicles feasible. （ D） Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels. 15 It can be inferred that the author of the text most likely regards the criticism of methanol as_. （ A） flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based （ B） inapplicabl
44、e because of an inconsistency in the critics arguments （ C） misguided because of its exclusively technological focus （ D） inaccurate because it ignores consumers concerns 15 The complications frequently accompanying diabetes, such as impairment of vision and of kidney function, are now thought to re
45、sult from the lack of continuous control of blood glucose concentrations. The healthy pancreas, in response to increases in blood glucose concentration, releases small quantities of insulin throughout the day and thereby maintains the concentration within physiological limits(nomoglycemia). But the
46、diabetic generally receives only one large dose daily. The diabetic s blood glucose concentration can thus fluctuate greatly during the interval between doses, and it has been suggested that the complication result from the periods of high concentrations of blood glucose(hyperglycemia). Many investi
47、gators thus believe that restoration of normoglycemia might halt the progression of such complications and perhaps even reverse them. There are three primary techniques that have been investigated for restoration of normoglycemia. They are: transplantation of whole, healthy pancreases; transplantati
48、on of islets of Langerthan, that portion of the pancreas that actually secretes insulin, and implantation of artificial pancreases. There has, in fact been a great deal of success in the development of these techniques and each seems, on the whole, promising. Nonetheless, it will undoubtedly be many
49、 years before any one of them is accepted as a treatment for diabetes. To many people, the obvious approach would seem to be simply to transplant pancreases from cadavers in the same manner that kidneys and other organs are routinely transplanted. That was the rationale in 1966 when the first recorded pancreas was performed. Between 1960 and 1975, there were forty-six pancreas transplants in forty-five other patients in the United States and five other countries. But only one of these patients is still alive with a
