1、大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 43及答案与解析 Section C 0 A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and the self as an object. William James introduced the distinction in 189
2、2, and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate. Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory. According to James, a child s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. This is an aspec
3、t of the self that he labelled “self-as-subject“, and he gave it various elements. These included an awareness of ones own agency(i.e. one s power to act), and an awareness of one s distinctiveness from other people. These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with ca
4、regivers. Cooley(1902)suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infants attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the
5、 behaviour of other people. For example, infants learn that when they cry or smile, someone responds to them. Once children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness, they begin to place themselves in whole series of categories, which together play such an important part in defining them uniqu
6、ely as “themselves“. This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James called the “Self-as-object“. This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles(such as student, brother, colleague)and
7、 characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people(such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability). Cooley and other researchers suggested a close connection between a persons own understanding of their identity and other peoples understanding of it. Coo
8、ley believed that people build up their sense of identity from the reactions of others to them, and from the view they believe others have of them. He called the self-as-object the “looking-glass self, since people come to see themselves as they are reflected in others. Mead(1934)went even further,
9、and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: “The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience . it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience.“ Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-awareness in gen
10、eral can be seen in the displays of rage which are most common from 18 months to 3 years of age. In a longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson(1975)found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years.
11、 Often, the children s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of “s
12、elf and of “ownership“ is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies. 1 Which one of the following is NOT TRUE about the development of children s sense of identity? （ A） The two processes “self as a subject“ and “self as an object“ develop at the same time. （ B） The process of childrens se
13、nse of identity develops gradually. （ C） The theory of a sense of self development is still under debate. （ D） William James distinguished “self as a subject“ from “self as an object“ in 1892. 2 Why do infants try to gain the possession of physical objects? （ A） Physical objects, such as toys are at
14、tractive to infants. （ B） The control of physical objects is a signal for the powerful manipulation, reflecting infants sense of self as a subject. （ C） Infants have no awareness of any physical objects. （ D） It is a signal that infants are aware of the sense of self as an object. 3 What elements ar
15、e included in self as an object? （ A） Environment and parents education. （ B） School education. （ C） Social roles and characters influenced by environment. （ D） Others judgment and status. 4 Which one of the following rhetorics is applied in paragraph 4? （ A） Metaphor. （ B） Personification. （ C） Con
16、trast. （ D） Exaggeration. 5 The word “rage“(Line 2, Para.5)is closest in meaning to_. （ A） disappointment （ B） wrath （ C） dismay （ D） silence 5 Educating Psyche by Bernie Neville is a book which looks at radical new approaches to learning, describing the effects of emotion, imagination and the uncon
17、scious on learning. One of the theory discussed in the book is that proposed by George Lozanov, which focuses on the power of suggestion. Lozanovs instructional technique is based on the evidence that the connections made in the brain through unconscious processing(which he calls non-specific mental
18、 reactivity)are more durable than those made through conscious processing. Besides the laboratory evidence for this, we know from our experience that we often remember what we have perceived peripherally, long after we have forgotten what we set out to learn. If we think of a book we studied months
19、or years ago, we will find it easier to recall peripheral details the colour, the binding, the typeface, the table at the library where we sat while studying it than the content on which were concentrating. If we think of a lecture we listened to with great concentration, we will recall the lecturer
20、s appearance and mannerisms, our place in the auditorium, the failure of the air-conditioning, much more easily than the ideas we went to learn. Even if these peripheral details are a bit elusive, they come back readily in hypnosis or when we relive the event imaginatively, such as in psychodrama. T
21、he details of the content of the lecture, on the other hand, seem to have gone forever. The suggestopedic approach to foreign language learning provides a good illustration. In its most recent variant(1980), it consists of the reading of vocabulary and text while the class is listening to music. The
22、 first session is in two parts. In the first part, the music is classical(Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms)and the teacher reads the text slowly and solemnly, with attention to the dynamics of the music. The students follow the text in their books. The teacher s task is to assist the students to apply what
23、 they have learned paraconsciously, and in doing so to make it easily accessible to consciousness. While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov and his associates. We can, perhap
24、s, attribute mediocre results to inadequate placebo effect. The students have not developed the appropriate mind set. They are often not motivated to learn through this method. They do not have enough faith. They do not see it as real teaching, especially as it does not seem to involve the work they
25、 have learned to believe that it is essential to learning. 6 The book Education Psyche is mainly talked about_. （ A） the power of suggestion in learning （ B） how emotion effects human beings （ C） the importance of conscious mind on learning （ D） new ways of learning 7 Lozanov s theory suggests that,
26、 we are more likely to remember_. （ A） the purpose of our learning （ B） the topic of one lecture （ C） the content of a book （ D） those unimportant details 8 Why the author mentioned foreign language learning? （ A） Because of the popularity of foreign language learning. （ B） To disapprove the theory
27、claimed by Lozanov. （ C） To support Loanovs theory about method of learning is scientific. （ D） To identify students IQ. 9 What are the variables included in the example of suggstopedic approach in Paragraph 3? （ A） Music and textbook. （ B） Music and teachers speaking voice. （ C） Textbook and teache
28、rs speaking voice. （ D） Textbook and attention. 10 Which one of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage? （ A） The suggestopedia approach has been famous to some extent in the field of language teaching. （ B） Teachers prefer suggestopedia to traditional approaches. （ C） The students have n
29、ot been used to being taught in suggestopedia approach yet. （ D） Other teachers are unable to achieve the same success as Lozanov. 10 With thunderclouds looming over the trans-Atlantic economy, it was easy to miss a bright piece of news last weekend from the other crucible part of world trade, the P
30、acific Rim. In Honolulu, where Barack Obama hosted a summit of Asia-Pacific leaders, Canada, Japan and Mexico expressed interest in joining nine countries(America, Australia, Brunei , Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam)in discussing a free-trade pact. Altogether, the possible
31、members of the Trans-Pacific Partnership(TPP)(环太平洋组织 )produce 40% of world GDP far more than the European Union. The creation of a wider TPP is still some way off. For it to come into being its architects Mr Obama, who faces a tough election battle next year, and Japans Yoshihiko Noda, who faces pol
32、itics laced with passionate protectionism need to show more leadership. Mr Nodas announcement on November 11th that Japan was interested in joining the TPP negotiations was an exceedingly bold move. Signing up would mean dramatic changes in Japan, a country which has 800% tariffs on rice, and export
33、s 65 vehicles to America for every one that is sent to Japan. Mr. Nodas move could also transform the prospects of the TPP, most obviously by uniting two of the world s leading three economies but also by stimulating others. Until he expressed an interest, Canada and Mexico had also remained on the
34、sidelines. Unwittingly or not, Mr. Noda has thrust Japan into a central position on a trade treaty in which free movement of everything except labour is on the table. Huge obstacles loom for Mr. Noda. He came into office in September casting himself as a peacemaker of Japan s warring political facti
35、ons. Many of those groups are opposed to the TPP. Farm co-operatives, argue that it would rob Japan of its rice heritage. Doctors warn of the risks to Japans cherished health system. Mr. Noda will have to deal not just with opposition from rival parties but also with a split on the issue inside his
36、Democratic Party of Japan. It is also a test for Mr. Obama s new strategy of coping with China s rise by placing American foreign policy more towards Asia. He must stand up to the unions in the car industry which have long complained about the imbalance of trade with Japan. He should energetically p
37、romote the potential gains for jobs of his pro-Asia strategy both at home and abroad. America should also stress that the TPP is meant to engage and incorporate China, rather than constrain it. 11 Whats the good news according to the passage? （ A） Many new countries have recovered from the economic
38、crisis. （ B） Nine counties will join the TTP. （ C） Canada, Japan and Mexico expressed interest in joining the TTP. （ D） Obama will win the next election. 12 What can be inferred from the second paragraph? （ A） Mr. Obama will face a tough election next year. （ B） Yoshihiko Noda and Obama need more su
39、pport from businessmen. （ C） Both Noda and Obama play important roles in widening TTP. （ D） The creation of a wider TPP is very easy to achieve. 13 Whats the influence on TTP if Japan joins it? （ A） It will greatly enhance its political influence. （ B） It will stimulate other countries to join it. （
40、 C） Japanese export will be affected. （ D） TTP will be more powerful in military field. 14 Which of the following is not among obstacles that block Japan s joining TTP? （ A） Japan s warring political factions. （ B） Farm co-operatives. （ C） Doctors. （ D） All the members from the Democratic Party of J
41、apan. 15 What s the passage s main idea? （ A） A wider TTP. （ B） More countries will join the TTP. （ C） Obstacles in building a wider TTP. （ D） Benefits in joining the TTP. 15 On November 16th a number of well-known musicians were on hand to help mark the launch of Google s new online music service.
42、Although the internet giant is not planning to snap any necks, it would dearly like to break the vice-like grip that Apple has on the $6.3 billion a year digital-music business thanks to the success of its iTunes online store and devices such as the iPod. But doing so will not be easy. Googles decis
43、ion to launch its own music store is the latest firing in a wider conflict being waged by the giants of the tech world. Like spiders spinning vast webs, Apple, Amazon and Google are doing their best to create huge “ecosystems“ of tightly linked electronic devices and online services that trap consum
44、ers and discourage them from switching to rivals offerings. Digital music has a special place in these systems because of its popularity and because Apple has shown that it can be a money-spinner too. Hence Googles determination to take on Apple and Amazon, which is also developing an online-music b
45、usiness of its own. Earlier this year, Google launched Music Beta, a service limited to the American market that lets consumers upload songs to a digital “locker“ on its servers and then listen to them on any PC with a web connection or any mobile device using the search firms Android operating syst
46、em. This service will form part of the companys broader Google Music offering. Another element of this is a new online music store that will be put in the Android marketplace. Although it is a latecomer to the music market, Google hopes other bits of its ecosystem will help close the gap with its bi
47、g rivals. In particular, it is betting that the rapid spread of Android devices will create a huge audience, and it will use its social network, Google, to help to drive sales: users who buy individual songs or entire albums from Google s digital store will be able to let their friends on Google pla
48、y the same music once without having to pay for it. Google is also offering some songs from bands such as The Rolling Stones and Coldplay free in a bid to get people to try its new service. These advantages are not to be sniffed at. But they cannot disguise several weaknesses in Googles strategy. Th
49、e biggest weakness of these is that it has been unable to strike deals with all of the companies that dominate the music industry. The firm has signed agreements with Universal Music Group, EMI Group(which Universal has just signed a deal to buy)and Sony Music Entertainment, but has been unable to do so with Warner Music Group. 16 Whats the new project of Google according to the passage? （ A） A new online retailer. （ B） An iPod. （ C） On line music service. （ D） The iTunes online store. 17 How does Music Beta functi
