[外语类试卷]大学英语六级改革适用(阅读)模拟试卷64及答案与解析.doc
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1、大学英语六级改革适用(阅读)模拟试卷 64及答案与解析 Section B 0 How Marketers Target Kids A)Kids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents buying decisions and they are the adult consumers of the future. Industry spending on advertising to chi
2、ldren has exploded in the past decade, increasing from a mere $100 million in 1990 to more than $2 billion in 2000. B)Parents today are willing to buy more for their kids because trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes and postponing children until later in life mean that families have more
3、 disposable income. As well, guilt can play a role in spending decisions as time-stressed parents substitute material goods for time spent with their kids. Here are some of the strategies marketers employ to target kids: Pester(纠缠 )power C)Today s kids have more autonomy and decision-making power wi
4、thin the family than in previous generations, so it follows that kids are vocal about what they want their parents to buy. “Pester power“ refers to childrens ability to nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy. Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, becau
5、se advertisers know what a powerful force it can be. D)According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kidfluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories “persistence“ and “importance“. Persistence nagging(a plea, that is repeated over and over again)is not as effective as the more so
6、phisticated “importance nagging“. This latter method appeals to parents desire to provide the best for their children, and plays on any guilt they may have about not having enough time for their kids. The marriage of psychology and marketing E)To effectively market to children, advertisers need to k
7、now what makes kids tick. With the help of well-paid researchers and psychologists, advertisers now have access to in-depth knowledge about childrens developmental, emotional and social needs at different ages. Using research that analyzes children s behaviour, fantasy lives, art work, even their dr
8、eams, companies are able to craft sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people. F)The issue of using child psychologists to help marketers target kids gained widespread public attention in 1999, when a group of U.S. mental health professionals issued a public letter to the American Psych
9、ological Association(APA)urging them to declare the practice unethical. The APA is currently studying the issue. Building brand name loyalty G)Canadian author Naomi Klein tracks the birth of “brand“ marketing in her 2000 book No Logo. According to Klein, the mid-1980s saw the birth of a new kind of
10、corporation Nike, Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, to name a few which changed their primary corporate focus from producing products to creating an image for their brand name. By moving their manufacturing operations to countries with cheap labour, they freed up money to create their powerful marketing
11、 messages. It has been a tremendously profitable formula, and has led to the creation of some of the most wealthy and powerful multi-national corporations the world has seen. H)Marketers plant the seeds of brand recognition in very young children, in the hopes that the seeds will grow into lifetime
12、relationships. According to the Center for a New American Dream, babies as young as six months of age can form mental images of corporate logos and mascots. Brand loyalties can be established as early as age two, and by the time children head off to school most can recognize hundreds of brand logos.
13、 While fast food, toy and clothing companies have been cultivating brand recognition in children for years, adult-oriented businesses such as banks and automakers are now getting in on the act. Buzz or street marketing I)The challenge for marketers is to cut through the intense advertising clutter(杂
14、乱 )in young people s lives. Many companies are using “buzz marketing“ a new twist on the tried-and-true “word of mouth“ method. The idea is to find the coolest kids in a community and have them use or wear your product in order to create a buzz around it. Buzz, or “street marketing“, as its also cal
15、led, can help a company to successfully connect with the elusive(难找的 )teen market by using trendsetters to give them products “cool“ status. J)Buzz marketing is particularly well-suited to the Internet, where young “Net promoters“ use chat rooms and blogs to spread the word about music, clothes and
16、other products among unsuspecting users. Commercialization in education K)School used to be a place where children were protected from the advertising and consumer messages that permeated their world but not anymore. Budget shortfalls(亏空,差额 )are forcing school boards to allow corporations access to
17、students in exchange for badly needed cash, computers and educational materials. L)Corporations realize the power of the school environment for promoting their name and products. A school setting delivers a captive youth audience and implies the endorsement of teachers and the educational system. Ma
18、rketers are eagerly exploiting this medium in a number of ways, including: 1)sponsored educational materials; 2)supplying schools with technology in exchange for high company visibility; 3)advertising posted in classrooms, school buses, on computers in exchange for funds; 4)contests and incentive pr
19、ograms: for example, the Pizza Hut reading incentives program in which children receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal; 5)sponsoring school events. The Internet M)The Internet is an extremely desirable medium for marketers wanting to target children. It s part of
20、youth culture. This generation of young people is growing up with the Internet as a daily and routine part of their lives. Kids are often online alone, without parental supervision. Unlike broadcasting media, which have codes regarding advertising to kids, the Internet is unregulated. Sophisticated
21、technologies make it easy to collect information from young people for marketing research, and to target individual children with personalized advertising. Marketing adult entertainment to kids N)Children are often aware of and want to see entertainment meant for older audiences because it is active
22、ly marketed to them. In a report released in 2000, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission(FTC)revealed how the movie, music and video games industries routinely market violent entertainment to young children. O)The FTC studied 44 films rated “Restricted“, and discovered that 80 per cent were targeted to
23、children under 17. Marketing plans included TV commercials run during hours when young viewers were most likely to be watching. The FTC report also highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children. Mature rated video games are advertis
24、ed in youth magazines; and toys based on “Restricted“ movies and M-rated video games are marketed to children as young as four. 1 Guilt can affect parents spending decisions because they dont have enough time for their kids. 2 The Centre for a New American Dream pointed out that brand loyalties coul
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