1、大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 88及答案与解析 Section C 0 Heavier people are more likely to be killed or seriously injured in car accidents than lighter people, according to new research. That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight pass
2、engers. In the US, car manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures, making them less of a danger to smaller women and children. But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extra risk. A study carried out in Seattle, Washington, looked
3、 at more than 26,000 people who had been involved in car crashes, and found that heavier people were at far more risk. People weighing between 100 and 119 kilograms are almost two-and-a-half times as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than 60 kilograms. And importantly, the same trend
4、held up when the researchers looked at body mass index(BMI) a measure that takes height as well as weight into account. Someone 1.8 metres tall weighing 126 kilograms would have a BMI of 39, but so would a person 1.5 metres tall weighing 88 kilograms. People are said to be obese if their BMI is 30 o
5、r over. The study found that people with a BMI of 35 to 39 were over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with a BMI of about 20. It is not just total weight, but obesity itself thats dangerous. While they do not yet know why this is the case, the evidence is worth pursuing, says C
6、harles Mock, a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Centre in Seattle, who led the research team. He thinks one answer may be for safety authorities to use heavier crash-test dummies when certifying cars as safe to drive. Crash tests normally use dummies that r
7、epresent standard-sized males weighing about 78 kilograms. Recently, smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars. But larger and heavier dummies are not used. The reasons for the higher injury and death rates are far from clear. Mock speculates that car
8、interiors might not be suitably designed for heavy people. Besides, obese people, with health problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes, could be found it tougher to recover from injury. Richard Kent, an expert in impact biomechanics at the University of Virginia, thinks the new research has
9、established a legitimate connection between obesity and severe injury or death. Because the research used BMI data; it has not confused taller(and therefore heavier than average)people with those who are overweight. People who are obese might also be at risk because seat belts do not hold them as se
10、curely in a crash. “For example, a large amount of fat tissue between the restraint system and the bony thorax acts much like a winter coat: it introduces slack into the restraint system and decreases its performance,“ Kent says. 1 The reason why heavy people get injured or killed more easily in tra
11、ffic accidents . （ A） lies in drunk driving （ B） lies in the air bag （ C） lies in the safety belt （ D） is not clearly known yet 2 Which one of the following people is the most likely to get killed in a car accident? （ A） A man who weighs 60 kilograms. （ B） A man who weighs 50 kilograms. （ C） A man w
12、hose BMI is 35. （ D） A man whose BMI is 20. 3 According to the passage, which of the following has no connection with obesity? （ A） Higher rate of depression. （ B） Higher death rate in traffic accidents. （ C） Higher injury rate in traffic accidents. （ D） Difficulty in recovering from a traffic injur
13、y. 4 The word “legitimate“(Line 2, Para. 9)may be replaced by . （ A） lawful （ B） reasonable （ C） casual （ D） close 5 What is the main idea of the passage? （ A） Heavy people and light people. （ B） New safety measures. （ C） Obesity and risk in driving. （ D） Obesity and safety belts. 5 Common indoor pl
14、ants may prove to be a valuable weapon in the fight against rising levels of indoor air pollution. Those plants in your office or home are not only decorative, but NASA scientists are finding them to be surprisingly useful in absorbing potentially harmful gases and cleaning the air inside modern bui
15、ldings. NASA and the Associated Landscape Contractors of America(ALCA)have announced the findings of a 2-year study that suggest the common indoor plant may provide a natural way of helping combat “Sick Building Syndrome.“ Research into the use of biological processes as a means of solving environme
16、ntal problems, both on Earth and in space habitats, has been carried out for many years by Dr. Bill Wolverton, formerly a senior research scientist at NASA s John C. Stennis Space Centre, Bay St. Louis, Miss. Based on preliminary evaluations of the use of common indoor plants for indoor air purifica
17、tion and revitalization, ALCA joined NASA to fund a study using about a dozen popular varieties of ornamental plants to determine their effectiveness in removing several key pollutants associated with indoor air pollution. NASA research on indoor plants has found that living plants are so efficient
18、at absorbing contaminants in the air that some will be launched into space as part of the biological life support system aboard future orbiting space stations. While more research is needed, Wolverton says the study has shown that common indoor landscaping plants can remove certain pollutants from t
19、he indoor environment. “We feel that future results will provide an even stronger argument that common indoor landscaping plants can be a very effective part of a system used to provide pollution free homes and work places“ he concludes. “Plants take substances out of the air through the tiny openin
20、gs in their leaves,“ Wolverton said. “But research in our laboratories has determined that plant leaves, roots and soil bacteria are all important in removing trace levels of toxic vapours.“ “Combining nature with technology can increase the effectiveness of plants in removing air pollutants,“ he sa
21、id. “A living air cleaner is created by combining activated carbon with a potted plant. The roots of the plant grow right in the carbon and slowly degrade the chemicals absorbed there,“ Wolverton explains. NASA research has consistently shown that living, green and flowering plants can remove severa
22、l toxic chemicals from the air in building interiors. You can use plants in your home or office to improve the quality of the air to make it a more pleasant place to live and work where people feel better, perform better, and enjoy life more. 6 Indoor plants can be used in many ways except_. （ A） sh
23、owing the owner s taste （ B） decorating offices and homes （ C） absorbing potentially harmful gases （ D） cleaning the air inside buildings 7 The study jointly funded by ALCA and NASA is based on_. （ A） previous research of common indoor plants application in indoor air purification and revitalization
24、 （ B） laboratory evidence of common indoor plants application in indoor air purification and revitalization （ C） assumptions of common indoor plants use in indoor air purification and revitalization （ D） tentative evaluations of common indoor plants application in indoor air purification and revital
25、ization 8 All the folio wings are vital to the removal of trace levels of toxic vapours except （ A） plant leaves （ B） plant roots （ C） plant stem （ D） soil bacteria 9 The word “degrade“(Line 4, Para. 7)may be replaced by_. （ A） reduce （ B） increase （ C） neutralize （ D） replace 10 People use plants i
26、n home or office to make them feel_. （ A） energetic and exalted （ B） depressed and low （ C） sad and gloomy （ D） pleasant and comfortable 10 Moderate drinking reduces stroke risk, study confirms. Similar to the way a drink or two a day protects against heart attacks, moderate alcohol consumptions war
27、ds off strokes, a new study found. The study also found that the type of alcohol consumes beer, wine or liquor was unimportant. Any of them, or a combination, was protective, researchers reported in todays Journal of the American Medical Association. “No study has shown benefit in recommending alcoh
28、ol consumption to those who do not drink“, cautioned the authors, led by Dr. Ralph L. Sacco of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. But the new data supports the guidelines of the National Stroke Association, which say moderate drinkers, may protect themselves from str
29、okes by continuing to consume alcohol, the authors said. The protective effect of moderate drinking against heart attack is well established, but the data has been conflicting with alcohol and strokes, the author said. The new study helps settle the question and is the first to find blacks and Hispa
30、nic benefit as well as whites, according to the authors. Further research is needed among other groups, such as Asian, who past studies suggest may get no stroke protection from alcohol or may even be put at greater risk. Among groups where the protective effect exists, its mechanism appears to diff
31、er from the protective effect against heart attacks, which occurs through boosts in level of so-called “good“ cholesterol, the authors said. They speculated alcohol may protect against stroke by acting on some other blood trait, such as the tendency of blood platelets to clump, which is key in formi
32、ng the blood clots that can cause strokes. The researchers studied 677 New York residents who live in the northern part of Manhattan and had strokes between July 1, 1993, and June 1997. After taking into account differences in other factors that could affect stroke risk, such as high blood pressure,
33、 the researchers estimated that subjects who consumed up to two alcoholic drinks daily were only half as likely to have suffered clot-type strokes as non-drinkers. Clot-type strokes account for 80 percent of all strokes, a leading cause of US deaths and disability. Stroke risk increased with heavier
34、 drinking. At seven drinks per day, risk was almost triple that of moderate drinkers. 11 The principle of protecting oneself from strokes by consuming alcohol reasonably cannot be applied to_. （ A） heavy drinkers （ B） light drinkers （ C） mild drinkers （ D） non-drinkers 12 Why did researchers find ab
35、out the relationship between strokes and alcohol consumption before the new study? （ A） They agreed that alcohol consumption could cause strikes. （ B） They could not find any data to support the relationship. （ C） What they found was totally opposite to the new study. （ D） Their findings were not co
36、nsistent with another one s. 13 The new study conducted by Dr. Sacco and his colleagues is unique in that_. （ A） it refutes early studies on the protective effect of moderate drinking against heart attacks （ B） it confirms early studies of moderate drinking against heart attacks （ C） it finds that m
37、oderate drinking can benefit people of different races equally well （ D） it helps to resolve the disputes over the effect of moderate drinking against strokes 14 How does moderate alcohol consumption most probably protect us from strokes? （ A） By enhancing the level of the good cholesterol. （ B） By
38、reducing the possibility of the blood platelets to deposit. （ C） By reducing the number of blood platelets and blood clots. （ D） By enhancing the possibility of the blood platelets to deposit. 15 According to the last paragraph,_are the least likely to suffer clot-type strokes. （ A） people who have
39、two alcoholic drinks daily （ B） people who don t have any alcoholic drinks （ C） people who have more than two alcoholic drinks daily （ D） people who have less than seven alcoholic drinks daily 15 The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distribute
40、d in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide(either formally or informally)what proportion of the communitys total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportio
41、ned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective. What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, the
42、re have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, the
43、re emerged awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that the
44、re were “limits to growth“. The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately af
45、ter the 1939-1945 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the “invisible hand“ of economic progress would provide. However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of healt
46、h-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport
47、and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of
48、basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy. 16 Which of the followings is not an issue for every health system to tackle? （ A） What proportion of the communitys total resources should be spent on he
49、alth-care. （ B） What diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority. （ C） Which kinds of professions are to be given special consideration. （ D） Which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective. 17 What is new about health-care resources from 1950s onwards? （ A） Health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned efficiently. （ B） Health-care resources were limited and finite. （ C） Health-care resources were infinite and inexhaustible. （ D） Health-care resources should be given priority by t
