1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 116及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 1. 目前很多父母在子女高中毕业前就送他们出国学习 2形成这种趋势的原因 3我对此的看法 二、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage.
2、 For questions 1-4, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 2 A Dose of Reality Major Reality Check When the p
3、ain reliever Vioxx was withdrawn from the market last fall after the announcement that it increased patients risk of heart attacks and strokes, millions of Americans panicked. The sometimes sensationalized headlines didnt help. People wondered, “Should I trust my doctor?“ “Could a medication that I
4、thought would help me actually kill me?“ “Is our drug safety system broken?“ Suddenly, ads for the drug were replaced with ads looking for Vioxx “victims“. Law firms across the nation began recruiting anyone who had ever taken the drug as plaintiffs (原告 ) for class-action (公诉 ) suits. Merck, the com
5、pany that developed the drug, could be liable for billions of dollars, making it one of the costliest liability cases ever. No surprise, then, that Mercks stock plummeted(垂直落下 ) 40 percent in just six weeks. But the real cost was even greater. Not only did patients stop taking Vioxx but, doctors say
6、, many people stopped taking their other medicines, too-sometimes putting their health at serious risk. Vioxx was the first pebble in the pharmaceutical rock slide. Soon, accusations about a spate of other drugs were making headlines, including all COX-2 inhibitors which, like Vioxx, relieve pain. T
7、he charges didnt stop there. The FDA was accused of simply rubber-stamping new drugs; drug companies were blamed for hiding information about unsafe products; and the efficacy(功效 ) of clinical trials that did not reveal how large numbers of people would react was questioned. But one question that wa
8、s rarely asked could determine whether or not pharmaceutical companies continue to develop and produce breakthrough medications that can save or extend lives and help people live without pain. The question: do Americans expect drugs to be risk-free? And, if someone suffers a bad reaction, will lawye
9、rs rather than doctors be the first people we call? Panic over Pills: Overreaction? During the tan-year period between 1994 and 2004, the FDA approved 321 completely new drugs (this doesnt include approvals for changes to existing medicines ), bringing the total to more than 10,000 drug products on
10、the market. During that same period, eight drugs were withdrawn for reasons of safety, such as the diet drug fenfluramine (fen-phen, associated with heart-valve disease) and the allergy drug Seldane (linked to heart arrhythmias). But the Vioxx recall created a shock wave for the American consumer li
11、ke no other. Many people had come to depend on their “meals“, and they expected them to be safe, too, especially when they cost so much. Prescription drugs account for, some say, the fastest growing segment (about one-tenth) of all health expenditures, with some specialty drugs costing hundreds of d
12、ollars per dose. “With Vioxx, the real shock and outrage came when there was a suggestion that people in authority may have known about these harmful side effects and not shared them with doctors or the public,“ says Anne Woodbury, chief health advocate for the Center for Health Transformation, a th
13、ink tank founded by Newt Gingrich. It made people question their faith in the pharmaceutical industry, federal regulators and physicians-those we trust to make sure our drugs are safe. Before, taking a newly prescribed pill with a slug of water was as routine as brushing your teeth. For many people,
14、 this is no longer the case. People have reason to worry. In clinical trial data submitted to-the FDA, Vioxx showed no connection to heart problems. The drug was approved in May 1999. But after Vioxx hit the market and grew in popularity, heart problems were revealed- lots of them. Tens of thousands
15、 of people may have been affected, and Merck was accused of hiding that information. “The system is not perfect,“ comments Marianne J. Legato, MD, professor of clinical medicine at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. “Sometimes a company may not want to show data
16、 that are negative till they really know whats going on. But its ridiculous to suggest that they would suppress things willy-nilly, because if a drug is going to cause severe side effects, its not in their best interest to hide that.“ How Side Effects Emerge How can dangerous side effects take years
17、, or even decades, to become known? A new drug is first tested on animals. If the results indicate that its likely to be both safe and effective, the company applies to the FDA for permission to begin testing it in humans. Human studies have three phases: to evaluate safety, to determine effectivene
18、ss, and to verify safety, dosage and effectiveness. Although a trial may extend as long as five years mad often includes between 3,000 and 10,000 people, each participant may only receive the medication for a period of weeks or months. Statistically, rare and dangerous side effects may not emerge un
19、til millions of people have used the drug, after FDA approval. So why dont we test drugs on more people and for longer periods of time? For one thing, quicker approvals may save lives, as with drugs for AIDS or a vaccine for a newly emerging flu pandemic. Another reason is cost. “It already costs a
20、billion dollars to get a drug from an idea to the market,“ says Corr. “If we had to study a million patients before we took a drug to market, there would never be another drug.“ Monitoring after Approval After a drug is approved, it is subject to post-market surveillance(监督 ). The FDA analyzes repor
21、ts of “adverse events“, or drug side effects, which come from the industry, from ongoing clinical trials and through its Med Watch program, to which consumers, physicians, pharmacists and other health professionals voluntarily report problems. Negative reports about a drug thats on the market can yi
22、eld crucial new information. “Clinical trials that are negative are, many times, just as important as the trials that show positive results,“ says Marvin Lipman, MD, chief medical adviser for Consumer Reports. Legislation was introduced in both the House and Senate in October 2004 to establish a reg
23、istry of all clinical trials and their results. “We are the most regulated industry in the world,“ says Corr. “And frankly, thats how it should be. If there is a problem with a drug, we want to know about it sooner rather than later.“ Consumers may know sooner too. In February the FDA announced the
24、creation of an independent Drug Safety Oversight Board to provide expanded and faster drug-safety information to doctors and patients. While there will always be risks, the public may be better equipped to judge and act on them. “We still need to be willing to take personal responsibility for assess
25、ing the risk-benefit ratio of a medication,“ says Legato. “Yes, you have to be completely informed to do it. And, yes, its complex. But ifwe dont do this, its like going back to the Middle Ages when there were no risks, except of dying by the age of 26. We have nearly doubled life expectancy since t
26、he beginning of the 20th century. That did not happen by accident. Prescription drags have played a huge role.“ How You Can Make Informed Decisions Since there is no such thing as a pill that is completely safe, including aspirin, consumers have to accept the dichotomy (二分法 ) that the same medicines
27、 that extend and enhance our lives may hurt us; some of them may merely have minor side effects, while others can be lethal. So how should you and your doctor proceed? . Weigh the risks and benefits of any drug. As a smart consumer you must decide whether a drug is “safe enough“ for you. The greater
28、 the benefit, the more risk you may be willing to take. If your illness is mild and not very bothersome, you may decide that any risk is too big and opt against taking any medication at all. Conversely, if your illness is serious or potentially life threatening, you may even be willing to try an exp
29、erimental drug with greater risk for serious side effects. . Be especially cautious about new drags. New drags are inherently risky. So if youre taking one, monitor yourself carefully. Have your eating and digestive habits changed? Are you feeling unusually tired or conversely agitated(激动 )? Have yo
30、ur breathing patterns or skin color changed? If so, call your doctor immediately, who may tell you to stop taking the drug. How does a consumer know that a drug is new? Ask your doctor or pharmacist. . If you have a choice between two equally effective drugs, choose the one with a longer track recor
31、d of safety. If you are taking a drug in the same class as one that has been recalled, it is prudent to ask your doctor if that drug places you at greater risk. . Know if youre in a high-risk group. Although scientists still dont know precisely why, certain individuals have bad reactions to a drug o
32、r to a particular dose of a drag, while others dont-men metabolize drugs differently than women do, for example-be especially vigilant (警惕的 ) if you are very young, very old or pregnant. Drugs usually arent tested on these groups. “I worry the most about the elderly,“ says Avorn. “They are vastly un
33、der-represented in trials of drugs, yet they are the most likely to be taking the drugs when they are approved.“ . Ask the right questions. When you get a new prescription, never leave the doctors office without a clear understanding of why youre taking the drug, how to take it, and how youll know i
34、f its working. Even if it makes you a bit uncomfortable, ask. You are responsible for your own health and safety. “If the doctor doesnt want to answer questions, you should probably find another doctor,“ says Avorn. After your visit, if you still have questions, call or e-mail the doctor. Use your p
35、harmacist as an expert consultant for any additional concerns you have about the drug or its side effects. You can also call the drug companys toll-free number for more information, or go to its website. 2 Mercks stock plummeted 40% in six weeks because some Vioxx “victims“ died. 3 The withdrawing o
36、f Vioxx only led to some accusations about some other pain relievers. 4 Many people expected the medicines they took to be safe when the medicines cost a lot. 5 Vioxx showed no connection to heart problems in its clinical trial. 6 The company can apply to the FDA for permission to begin human studie
37、s when the results of animal studies indicate that the new drug is like to be _. 7 Corr thinks that if there is any problem with a drug, its better to know it _. 8 According to Legato, prescription drugs have played an important role in the extension of life expectancy since _. 9 If a drug can bring
38、 great benefit to a patient, the patient may be willing to take the drug even with the risk for _. 10 New drugs usually are not tested on the people who are _. 11 If you have any concern about a new drug or its side effects, you can ask your doctor or pharmacist questions, or call the drug company f
39、or _. Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a p
40、ause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. （ A） She went to the party without knowing it. （ B） She was invited to the party. （ C） She was present for the party. （ D） She was absent from the party. （ A） Joan will give out the assi
41、gnments. （ B） Joan will speak in the seminar. （ C） Joan wont be present at the seminar. （ D） Joan wont sign the petitions. （ A） Present a new theory to the class. （ B） Read more than one article. （ C） Read the book more thoroughly. （ D） Write a better article for the class. （ A） Her back hurt during
42、 the meeting. （ B） His support does not mean anything now. （ C） She agreed that it was a very good meeting. （ D） The proposal should be sent back to the meeting. （ A） The library is within walking distance. （ B） The streets are not in good condition. （ C） The man should get a car instead. （ D） The m
43、an should exercise more. （ A） Yes, she can study there if she is writing a research paper. （ B） Yes, but she needs to have the approval of her professor. （ C） Yes, because she is a senior student. （ D） No, its open only to teachers and postgraduates. （ A） He decided not to cancel his appointment. （
44、B） His new glasses arent comfortable. （ C） Hes too busy to get a checkup. （ D） He has to cheek when the appointment is. （ A） His errors were mainly in the reading part. （ B） It wasnt very challenging to him. （ C） It was more .difficult than he had expected. （ D） He made very few grammatical mistakes
45、 in his test. （ A） It offers really good coffee. （ B） It has live music every Saturday night. （ C） Its near the theater. （ D） You can see a movie there. （ A） Its overpriced. （ B） It makes people crazy. （ C） Its different from other coffee houses coffee. （ D） All the coffee is from Brazil. （ A） They
46、are shopping. （ B） They are jogging. （ C） They are seeing a movie. （ D） They are drinking coffee. （ A） At a public forum. （ B） In an auditorium. （ C） On TV. （ D） In a classroom （ A） Exposing oneself to the target culture. （ B） Attending regularly a good language program. （ C） Coming up with a study
47、plan. （ D） Developing good note-taking skills. （ A） A realistic goal for learners is to reach a certain level of language proficiency, not native fluency. （ B） Students can achieve native-like pronunciation through focused study. （ C） Learners should interact with native speakers to gain greater flu
48、ency. （ D） Teachers need to help students foster a good self-esteem and confidence. （ A） Remembering as many words as possible. （ B） Learning only useful words. （ C） Remembering a lot of words a day. （ D） Learning to use a few words a day. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short
49、 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. （ A） Rent is within the budget of university students. （ B） Both room and board are often provided. （ C） Student housing is located on campus. （ D） The maintenance is usually handled by someone else. （ A） They may have to follow certain housing rules. （ B） A deposit may be
