1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 334及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a passage of at least 150 words in the title of Foreign Fast Food. Please follow the outline given below. 1. 洋快餐受到了许多人 (特别是青少年 )的欢迎，这是因 为 2.许多人反对吃洋快餐，是因为 3.你的观点。 二、 Part II Reading Co
2、mprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if t
3、he statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 1 Cross Cultural Conflict Resolution in Teams Team members work in increasingly diverse environments: in terms of age, gender, language, and nationality. Beyond these dif
4、fereces, there are also deeper cultural differeces the way conflict is approached. The use of teams represents and important change in the way we work. The theory is that through the interdependency of the parts greater prodctiviry is achieved by the whole. Experience has been less kind. One reason
5、that teams fail to meet performance expectations is their paralysis through unresolved conflict. Teams Dynamics Over time successful teams develop culturally distinct pathways to communicate, Problem solving, make decisions, and resolve conflict. Most literature on teams suggests that they realize h
6、igh performance levels by passing through four distinct development phases: forming storming, norming and performing. The development of team norms does not take place in a vacuum, but is embedded in the wider social, political and economic context of the day. Another reality is that team members to
7、 not have access to the same power. Sources of power differ, as do expectations about how and when it will be used. It is suggested that a successful team will: be comfotable dealing with conflict be committed to resolving disputes close to the source resolve disputes based on interests before fight
8、s and puwer learn from experience with conflicts. This ties in with research on the effects of interpersonal conflict in teams. A team members commitment to team and the team mission decreases if conflict goes unresolved, but can increase if conflict is well-managed and resolved. If unhealthy confli
9、ct goes unresolved for too long, team members are likely to quit or to search for alternatives. Defining Culture Social anthropology, as the academic field responsible for the study of culture, has yet to settle on a difinition of culture. However, for our practical purposes, culture is defined as t
10、he shared set of valued, beliefs, norms, attitudes, behaviors, and social structures that define reality and guide everyday interactions. This definition implies that culture is an attribute of a group, and also contemplates the fact that there many be as much variation within the group as between d
11、iferent groups. We often associate culture with a national group, however, culture includes ethnic groups, clans, tribes and organizations. Teams within organizations also have beliefs, attitudes and behaviors that constitute unique cultures. Although there are many similarities between cultures, it
12、 is important not to minimize real differences that to exist. A useful tool for considering the cultures of different groups in the bell curve. The majority of a group culture will confirm to a dominant set of beliefs, attitudes and behaviors, but there will be members of the cultural group that dif
13、fer in significant ways from the norm. Individualistic and Collectivist Dimensions of a Culture An important dimension of culture is the extent to which members identify with the group (in this case the team) rather that themselves as individuals. Individualistic cultures place a high value on “auto
14、nomy, Initiative, creativity, and authoriy in decision making.“ Individual interests trump group interests, and any group commitment is a function of a perceived self-benefit. Collectivist cultures, on the other hand, value the group above the individual. Group conformity and commitment is maintaine
15、d at the expense of personal interests. Harmony, getting along and maintaining face are seen as crucial. The dominant culture in the USA, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand is individualistic, while collectivism predominates the rest of the world. However examples of both are found e
16、verywhere. In California where the recent census found that 32% of the population is Hispanic, 70% are African American and 10% are of Asian descent, it can safely be assumed that a relatively high percentage of the workforce comes from a social environment that is collectivist. Comfort with Conflic
17、t Individualists and collectivists view conflict conflict differently. Collectivists, who place a high value on harmony, getting along and face see conflict as a sign of social failure. As a result, comfort levels with conflict situations, especially of an interpersonal nature are low. Conflict is o
18、ften avoided. While many individualists also feel discomfort with conflict, it is acknowledged as an inevitable part of life that must be dealt with. However, being in conflict another is not necessarily something to be ashaned about. Negotiation Style Negotiation is a means to satisfy needs. It can
19、 be broken bown into one of two approaches positional and interest based. Positional negotiation involves haggling over extreme positions without a clear understanding of underlying interests. By contrast, and interest based approach focuses on the needs and concerns of the disputants. An interest b
20、ased approach is widely used by conflict resolution practitioners, especially in western cultures. It has been popularized through books such as “Getting to Yes“ but the extent of its internalization is limited. Teams should consider their own negotiation styles and make an explicit decision as to w
21、hether they will use an an interest based or positional negotiation approach. During negotiations, cultures that prefer a direct communication style will seek direct, face-to- face communication rather than indirect shuttle diplomacy. There are other cultural factors that have a bearing on the way a
22、 team will approach conflict prevention and resolution. These include: our relationship to time our relationship to rules our relationship to venue Given that teams are comprised of diverse individuals with unique cultural backgrounds, what lessons can we distill for the successful prevention and re
23、solution of conflict? 1. Know Yourself and Your Own Colture Starting with yourself, examine your own beliefs, values, biases, and prejudices. How do you behave? what are your hot buttons? Locate your indvidual culture in the context of your family, regional, and national cultures. What is the social
24、, political and economic context of the day? Being aware of our own cultures helps us to be open to different ideas. We are able to compare and contrast different approaches without being threatenes. 2. Learn others expectations We should expect different expectations. The only way will know what ou
25、r team members expect is to have an explicit conversation about the nature of conflict and how we prefer to deal with it when it arises. This should lead to a more general conversation that addresses how the team wants to work together. The sooner this happens the better. We can also read books and
26、watch movies to undertand others culture. Learning about a new culture takes time. Some liken culture to an iceberg where over nine tenths is out of sight. So it is with culture. There is the surface culture, and then there is that which is hidden-deep culture. 3. Check Yout Assumptions As we filter
27、 incoming information through our senses it is natural to make assumptions. We should develop acceptable communication protocols to check out the basis of our perceptions. Failure to do se leads to inaccurate stereotypes and may foster negative feelings of hostility. One approach is to give specific
28、 feedback on the behavior you observed and to seek clarification of your interpretations. Be open to various interpretations. Your first interpretation is not necessarily correct. Another variation is to give feedback on how you felt when the specified behavior occurred. It sometimes helps to list a
29、ll the possible interpretations you have thought of almost as if brainstorming. 4. Consider the platinum Rule The platinum rule encourages us to treat our team members as they would like to be treated rather than they way we like to be treated (the golden rule). It is similar to the difference betwe
30、en sympathy and empathy. Empathy is not about “walking a mile in his moccasis“ but imagining “how he feels walking in his moccasins.“ Problems with the platinum rule arise when your way and the others way clash. 2 This passage focuses on the impact of cultural differences on teamwork and partnership
31、. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 3 A unanimous definition of culture has failed to emirge both in social anthropology and everyady life. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 4 Unresolved conflict can be destructive to the performance of teams. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 5 According to the platinum rule, we should treat our team
32、 members as we would have them treat us. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 6 There are two basic categories of negotiation styles: positional and _. 7 Conflict is regarded as a marker of _ by collectivists while accepted as unavoidable by individualists. 8 Compared with the _ culture, the surface culture is onl
33、y a small part of culture. 9 The failure of developing acceptable _ may result in inaccurate stereotypes and forter negative feelings of hostility. 10 According to different cultures, negotiations can be conducted through direct, face-to-face communication or indirect 11 the _ can be used when consi
34、dering the cultures of different groups. Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. Af
35、ter each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. （ A） The woman is in her forties. （ B） They will hold a sit-down dinner. （ C） They have some problems to hold a sit-down dinner. （ D） There will be 40
36、people who will attend the sit-down dinner. （ A） This place is very comfortable and beautiful, but it will cost too much. （ B） The man and the woman is husband and wife. （ C） They are feeling run-down. （ D） They will go sightseeing next day. （ A） They had a sound sleep last night. （ B） They had a te
37、lephone call, but the line was engaged. （ C） They stayed in bed. （ D） After breakfast, she would go to see a doctor for treatment. （ A） In a hospital. （ B） In a department store. （ C） At the post office. （ D） At the office. （ A） They are talking about sale. （ B） They are talking about product, （ C）
38、They are talking about a special reduction. （ D） They are talking about price. （ A） He is a Marathon sportsman. （ B） He is an amateur Marathon sportsman. （ C） He is race lover. （ D） He will attend 10-mile race. （ A） Renting a car. （ B） Making a model. （ C） Filling tank. （ D） Signing a paper. （ A） Th
39、e man is waiting to be checked. （ B） The man is asking the key to his room. （ C） The man is asking the bellman to help his bags upstairs. （ D） The man is asking a room to live in. （ A） April this year, 3. （ B） March this year, 3. （ C） April this year, 4. （ D） March this year, 4. （ A） It is well know
40、n an over the world. （ B） It has become the topic of an article. （ C） It has made the front-page headline of the press. （ D） It has become the title of a best-seller. （ A） Cancer. （ B） Heart disease. （ C） Organ transplant. （ D） Lung disease. （ A） A druggists suggestion. （ B） An article. （ C） An adve
41、rtisement. （ D） A sales clerks comment. （ A） The relationship of purchases made to time spent shopping. （ B） The length of time required for drugstore shopping （ C） The increases in the size and stock of drugstores. （ D） The buying of clothing from department stores. （ A） People enjoy shopping in th
42、em. （ B） People spend little time in them. （ C） People are more likely to buy something in them if time is limited. （ D） People spend too much time reading articles about quick cures sold in drugstores. （ A） They know what they want to buy. （ B） They have little money to spend. （ C） They talk themse
43、lves out of purchases. （ D） They shop at the cheapest stores. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the b
44、est answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. （ A） 50 years old. （ B） 45 years old. （ C） 40 years old. （ D） 55 years old. （ A） He was a warrior. （ B） He was the Shawnee war chief. （ C） He was an adopted son of Chief Blackfish. （ D） Both A and （ A） Becoming a war chief. （ B） Travelling acros
45、s the country and speaking to the public. （ C） Getting back some of the land taken by the settlers. （ D） Getting all the Indian tribes united. （ A） The group in a messy storeroom. （ B） The group in a nice office. （ C） The group in a poorly designed living room. （ D） All of the above: （ A） Visitors t
46、o an art museum in Kansas City. （ B） Visitors to a university museum. （ C） Visitors to an exhibit of paintings. （ D） Visitors to an exhibit of photos. （ A） People in the dark brown room walked more quickly. （ B） People spent more time in the white room than in the dark room. （ C） Dark brown stimulat
47、ed more but shorter activity. （ D） Dark brown stimulated more and longer activity. （ A） Under the ages of eighteen. （ B） Between the ages of eighteen and twenty-six. （ C） Between the ages of twenty-six and fifty-six. （ D） Over sixty-five years of age. （ A） Are embarrassed that they have non-traditio
48、nal students. （ B） Are proud that they have non-traditional students. （ C） Are angry with the non-traditional students. （ D） The article doesnt say how they feel. （ A） Keep traditional students from learning. （ B） Provide role models for younger students. （ C） Should be forbidden to take college cla
49、sses. （ D） Are very good at their studies. （ A） Because they have to. （ B） Because they want to. （ C） Because their children want them to. （ D） Because they dont know how to spend their spare time. Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have jus
