1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 33及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Learn to Give up Wisely. You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1我们应该 学会明智地放弃 2该放弃而不放弃的危害 3在什么情况下我们应该明智地放弃 Learn to Give up
2、 Wisely 二、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in
3、 the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 2 New Hopes for Preventing AIDS The success of anti-retroviral(抑止肿瘤病毒 ) drugs in treating HIV is getting researchers at the 16th Internationa
4、l AIDS conference excited at the prospect that the potent(效力大的 ) medicines might be exploited to perform double duty. Why not use the power of these ARVs to prevent an HIV transmission or infection from taking hold in the first place? Bill and Melinda Gates asked that provocative question on the ope
5、ning day of the conference, and are commit- ting their considerable financial resources toward finding an answer. In their remarks, they highlighted the need to develop microbicides(杀菌剂 ) and oral prevention drugs while we wait for a vaccine. And they will get their first hint at how smart their dec
6、ision was this Thursday, when scientists from West Africa report the initial results from the first trial studying an oral prevention drug. So how realistic are the Gates in expecting even more from the ARVs? “I do think the range of prevention options we have within the next decade will greatly exp
7、and,“ says Dr. Helene Gayle, President of Care USA and co-chair of the conference. “The biologic plausibility(似乎有理 ) for both microbicides and oral prevention drugs is so great.“ Dr. Mark Dybul, U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, said that if a microbicide or prevention drug becomes available to protect
8、people from infections, they would be funded under the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief if countries chose to use them. “We would support all of that; it would be perfectly within our mandate to do all that,“ he told TIME. Preventing HIV is the only way to keep the number of new infections
9、that occur each year 4 million from growing. And yet prevention strategies, always the ugly stepsister to treatment programs, have not really taken hold in the developing nations where the rate of infection is highest. An effective vaccine, of course, is the ultimate prevention weapon, but as the Ga
10、tes pointed out, an HIV shot is still a long way off. In the meantime, microbicides could be one way to co-opt ARVs into the prevention war; these are chemical compounds, usually in the form of a gel or cream, that women can use vaginally prior to intercourse to stop the transmission of HIV its the
11、same idea behind spermicides(杀精子剂 ), which are chemical barriers to sperm entering the vagina and causing pregnancy. Its an elegantly simple approach, made even simpler by the fact that researchers didnt really have to start from scratch to come up with new anti-HIV compounds; they already have them
12、 in the ARVs, which now interrupt the virus from infecting cells at various points in its life cycle. The key difference is that in a microbicide, the drugs are being used in healthy people rather than in those infected with HIV. When ARVs are used for treatment, both doctors and patients are willin
13、g to tolerate a higher level of side effects after all, if the choice is between dying from HIV-AIDS and side effects, most patients opt for the latter. If the drugs are to be used to prevent infection, however, everything changes; understandably, healthy people arent as likely to accept the same le
14、vel of side effects and toxicities as those already infected. Thats why clinical trials are so significant. So far, there are 30 40 different microbicide candidates being tested in animals, and five trials in Ghana, Nigeria and other developing nations at the most advanced stages of testing in women
15、. Dr. Gita Ramjee, of the HIV Prevention Research Unit in Durban, South Africa, has worked with all five, and is hopeful that they will prove effective and make an impact on the disease. Because these latest microbicides are reformulated ARVs, however, the problem of the virus becoming resistant to
16、them is a potential drawback. Dr. Peter Piot, of UNAIDS, suggests basing microbicides only on the drugs do not make it through the pharmaceutical pipeline many are rejected because they dont maintain high enough levels in the blood to treat an HIV infection; but could be sufficiently powerful to pre
17、vent transmission. But Zeda Rosenberg, CEO of International Partnership for Microbicides, which has sponsored a number of the trials, believes that since microbicides arent designed to enter the blood, stream and suppress HIV there, resistance wont be as huge a hurdle as it is for ARVs used in treat
18、ment. “The studies so far, with most of the ARV products, suggest very low levels of systemic absorption,“ she says. “It may be that there is insufficient absorption to select for resistance. But we wont know that answer until we do the efficacy trials.“ The first of these results, from Nigeria, wil
19、l be released in September 2007. Even if they prove to be effective, Ramjee and others stress that microbicides whether they come in the form of a gel or cream applied before intercourse, or as part of a delayed release ring inserted into the cervix that can provide the drug for anywhere from 30 to
20、90 days are not a physical barrier to HIV. At best, microbicides may be 80% effective in preventing the transmission of the virus during intercourse. To improve the chances that the virus doesnt slip by, however, there is always the possibility of combining the ARVs, in the same way that doctors cur
21、rently do to treat infected patients. On the ground, however, Ramjee noted that its sometimes hard to keep patients enrolled. Not only do women often face opposition from their male partners to using the microbicide, there is the reality that many of the women enrolled end up getting pregnant, and a
22、s a result, have to drop out.(The trial sponsors, including USAID, NIIH and the Gates Foundation, do continue to provide family planning and other pre and post natal services to these women, if they choose to use them.) Even more tantalizing(让人着急的 ) than the microbicides is the idea of taking a pill
23、 before intercourse or other high-risk behavior, and thereby becoming protected from HIV. Drugs for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEPs=Prevention of or protective treatment for disease) were born from the success of programs that prevent mother-to-child transmission; since ARVs given to women pre: and
24、post delivery are effective in reducing the transmission of HIV to the child, and using ARVs before exposure to HIV have the same effect in protecting partners. Five trials, all involving two compounds, Tenofovir or Truvada, are now underway in Thailand, Botswana, Peru, West Africa and even the U.S.
25、 Its being tested in groups at highest risk of transmitting the virus commercial sex workers and gay men. “What you want is a high level of ARV in the blood and body secretions, so that when you are exposed to HIV, the ARV will kill the virus,“ explains Dr. Peter Plot, director of UNAIDS. “Because a
26、t infection, the number of virus particles is very, very small, so you can inhibit or kill them before they penetrate cells or just at the early phases of infection.“ Plot, however, notes that if PrEPs prove effective, they will create a number of thorny ethical issues: How will use of the drug be m
27、onitored? Could it become a “party“ drug or a Viagra-like crutch that people erroneously believe will provide them with absolute protection? “Well need a lot of behavioral research, which I think should be initiated as soon as possible,“ he says. “Particularly when it looks like PrEP will become a r
28、eality.“ Resistance is a key issue with PrEP as well, and if effective PrEP drugs are used widely, the problem of resistant HIV expands rapidly. “We need to be better about looking at what public health strategy we should use for ARVs,“ says Gayle. “There are a lot of potential pitfalls, but our com
29、mitment has to be to make options available, develop options that are safe and effective, so they can be used by people who need them the most, and at the same time make sure we have policies so they are used in the safest way possible from a public health perspective.“ 2 ARVs havent been used widel
30、y to prevent HIV transmission or infection for lack of money. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 3 The great biologic plausibility makes it possible to use microbicides and oral prevention drugs to prevent HIV in the next 10 years. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 4 Lack of prevention strategies and treatment programs make
31、s the developing countries the largest in the number of HIV infection. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 5 Virtually all patients choose to tolerate side effects when confronted with the choice between dying from HIV-AIDS and side effects. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 6 According to Dr. Peter Diot, _ could be powerful
32、 enough to Prevent HIV transmission. 7 Zeda Rosenberg has an assumption that the latest microbicides dont cause many side effects by reason that the body system _. 8 According to Ramjee, the combination of _ is possibly the most effective in preventing HIV virus from transmitting during intercourse.
33、 9 Both mother-to-child transmission and partner-to-partner transmission can be prevented or protected effectively by drugs for _. 10 Dr. Peter Diot believes that it may be effective to use ARVs to _. 11 Widely using PrEPs may cause potential problems like ethical, issues and _. Section A Directions
34、: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, yo
35、u must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. （ A） He forgot about the hockey game. （ B） He doesnt like to go to hockey games. （ C） He missed the hockey game because he was ill. （ D） Hell go with the woman to the next hockey game. （ A） The mans nervous but b
36、elieves he will be better tomorrow. （ B） The man is begging the woman to let him pass the presentation. （ C） The mans nervous about his presentation because hes unprepared. （ D） The man left his presentation on the window edge but hell get it tomorrow. （ A） The cafeteria food is very bad. （ B） The c
37、afeteria food is so scarce. （ C） The cafeteria food is quite delicious. （ D） The cafeteria food is much like home-cooked meal. （ A） The womans camera is broken. （ B） He wasnt at Dan and Lindas wedding. （ C） Someone else at the wedding took good pictures. （ D） Dan and Linda didnt hire a professional
38、photographer. （ A） Jenny wont be getting a new roommate after all. （ B） Jenny wouldnt give specific reasons for her feelings. （ C） He hadnt heard that Jenny had a new roommate at all. （ D） He couldnt talk Jenny into getting well with her new roommate. （ A） Leave the hotel the next morning. （ B） Ask
39、the hotel clerk for his room key. （ C） Stay in the hotel for at least two nights. （ D） Complain to the manager about the extra charges. （ A） Shell definitely get a good grade because she didnt use Internet sources. （ B） Shell probably do badly on her paper since she used nothing but Internet sources
40、. （ C） Shell get a bad grade because she used Internet sources rather than anything else. （ D） She wonders how well shell perform on her paper for using Internet sources. （ A） Take the job offer. （ B） Try another job. （ C） Bargain a little bit. （ D） Concentrate on her studies. （ A） She couldnt go to
41、 Spain for holiday this summer. （ B） She couldnt communicate with Spanish people very well. （ C） She didnt learn enough Spanish vocabulary. （ D） She had few chances to speak Spanish in Spain. （ A） By reading the BBC book. （ B） By going to an evening class by BBC. （ C） By watching BBC programs. （ D）
42、By going to Spain to talk with Spanish people. （ A） Learn more grammar and vocabulary. （ B） Watch more BBC television programs. （ C） Understand Spanish cultures well. （ D） Do more practice in speaking Spanish. （ A） A new fuel for buses. （ B） The causes of air pollution. （ C） Careers in environmental
43、 engineering. （ D） A way to improve fuel efficiency in buses. （ A） Her car is being repaired. （ B） Parking is difficult in the city. （ C） The cost of fuel has increased. （ D） She wants to help reduce pollution. （ A） A fuel that burns cleanly. （ B） An oil additive that helps cool engines. （ C） A mate
44、rial from which filters are made. （ D） An insulating material sprayed on engine parts. （ A） The high temperatures required for its use. （ B） The lack of trained environmental engineers. （ C） The opposition of automobile manufacturers. （ D） The high cost of materials used in its production. Section B
45、 Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. （ A） In the 16th
46、 century. （ B） In the 17th century. （ C） In the 18th century. （ D） During the Middle-ages. （ A） The large gap between the rich and the poor. （ B） The development of capitalism. （ C） The Renaissance. （ D） The religious reform movement. （ A） The English Permanent Settlements in North Americ （ B） The P
47、ushing Social Force. （ C） The Emergence of Bourgeoisie. （ D） The Changing Outlook on Life. （ A） Average tuition costs increased by 9 percent. （ B） Average tuition costs increased by 15 percent. （ C） Average tuition costs increased by 90 percent. （ D） Average tuition costs increased by 150 percent. （
48、 A） That they must pay more than out-of-state students. （ B） That only a few are accepted. （ C） That they are not eligible for scholarships at state universities. （ D） That their scholarships are very small. （ A） Not as good as it was in 1960. （ B） Better than it was last year. （ C） Especially good
49、for graduates in liberal arts. （ D） Not very good for recent graduates. （ A） Begging food from the tourists. （ B） Attacking the tourists. （ C） Dropping wastes on the tourists. （ D） Making loud noise to disturb the tourists. （ A） Broadcasting frightened sounds of the birds to scare them away. （ B） Making shooting sounds to scare the birds away. （ C） Hiring special workers to drive them away. （ D） Capturing them and then transporting them away. （ A） To other European countr
