1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 63及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write A Letter of complaint about the noise around your school. You should write at least 150 words according to the outlines given below in Chinese. 假设你是李明，深受学校附近一家工厂的噪音之苦，现在你写信给学校领导反映情况，内容包括以下几点： 1噪音污
2、染的现状和严重程度 2引起噪音的原因 3你希望校领导能尽快采取措施解决问题 A Letter of Complaint 二、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark： Y (for YES) i
3、f the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 2 Hostage Negotiation A hostage situation is a law-enforcement worst-case scenario, becau
4、se it places innocent civilians directly in harms way. Armed intervention becomes very risky, since the hostages themselves can be harmed either by stray bullets or by the hostage-takers. That makes the negotiation the most important aspect of any hostage crisis. A skilled negotiator must find out w
5、hat the hostage-taker wants, who he or she is and what it will take to achieve a peaceful outcome, all while ensuring the safety of the hostages and other bystanders. Ideally, a hostage situation ends with everyone walking away. In this article, well find out what happens on the scene of a hostage n
6、egotiation,how a negotiator gets the job done. We will also take a look at the psychology of hostage-takers. The Hostage Situation Although hostage situations can vary greatly based on the motivations of the hostage-taker and the exact circumstances surrounding the incident, there are some basic fac
7、ts that apply to all hostage situations. The hostage-taker wants to obtain something. This can be as simple as money, personal safety or sale passage to another country, or it can involve complicated political goals. The target of the hostage-taker is not the hostage; it is some third party (a perso
8、n, a company or a government) that can provide whatever it is the hostage-taker wants. The hostages are bargaining chips. They may have symbolic value (as at the 1972 Munich Olympics, in which the target was the Israeli government and the hostages were Israeli athletes), but the hostages themselves
9、could be anyone. Hostage situations move through several distinct phases. Initial PhaseThis phase is violent and brief and lasts as long as it takes for the hostage-takers to make their assault and subdue(慑服 ) the hostages. The end of this phase is often marked by the presentation of the hostage tak
10、ers demands. Negotiation PhaseAt this point, law-enforcement officials are on the scene, and the demands have probably been received. This phase can last hours, days or months and could also be referred to as “the standoff(均衡 ) phase. “Physically, nothing about the situation changes greatly. The hos
11、tages and the hostage-takers stay in the same place. However, a lot is happening during this phase in terms of the relationships developing between everyone involved. The negotiators job boils down to manipulating those relationships in a way that results in a peaceful ending. Termination PhaseThis
12、is the brief, sometimes violent final phase. This phase has one of throe results: The hostage-takers surrender peacefully and are arrested. Police assault the hostage-takers and kill or arrest them. The hostage-takers demands are granted, and they escape. The fate of the hostages does not necessaril
13、y depend on what happens during the termination phase. Even if the hostage-takers give up, they may have killed the hostages during the negotiations. Often, hostages are killed either accidentally by police or intentionally by their captors during an assault. There have even been cases in which the
14、hostage-takers were granted their demands, but they killed a hostage anyway. There is also a post-incident stage in which the effects of the incident play themselves out. These effects can include changes in the status of the groups responsible, shifts in the relationships between world governments
15、or in creases in security. Hostage-takers One of the first things a negotiator does when he or she arrives on the scene of a hostage crisis is to find out everything about the hostage-taker. The most basic question is: Why did this person take a hostage? There are a few common reasons. The hostage-t
16、aker might be emotionally or mentally disturbed. His or her specific reason for taking a hostage may be illogical. He or she may be suicidal. This is the only type of hostage situation in which the hostage is often related to the hostage-taker. This type of hostage situation is unplanned. According
17、to Lt. Gary Schmidt of the Cheektowaga Police Department in Cheektowaga, NY, this is the type of hostage situation the average police officer faces most often. “Most of the time, its a single person involved in a domestic dispute, barricaded in a home. The hostages are family members in the same bui
18、lding.“ Some criminals use innocent bystanders as human shields to protect themselves from the police. In most cases, this happens when a criminal is caught, panics and grabs a hostage to help himself escape. In rare eases, hostages are part of a plan used by professional criminals to aid in their e
19、scape, but usually, it is unplanned. The most famous hostage situations in history have been the result of carefully planned attacks by terrorists and radical political groups. The hostage-takers intend from the beginning to trade the lives of the hostages for whatever specific goals they want to ac
20、hieve. These can range from changes in one or more countries political policies, the re lease of political prisoners or the repeal of specific laws. Terrorist groups may also have goals that they will achieve regardless of the outcome: destabilizing the target of their attack and attracting attentio
21、n to their cause. Kidnapping is a form of hostage crisis, but it doesnt resemble a typical hostage situation in which the hostage-takers are barricaded in a known area. Kidnappers keep their hostage in a secret location, and communication is often one-waythe kidnappers tell the authorities what to d
22、o. As a result, there isnt much negotiating. Regardless of the hostage-takers motivation, the basic element of negotiating remains the same. “You work to build a rapport(亲善 ) and encourage them to bring about a peaceful conclusion. The same techniques are used whenever someone is in crisis,“ said Lt
23、. Schmidt. Negotiator Objectives and Tactics There are four primary objectives of a negotiator. Prolong the situation. The longer a hostage situation lasts, the more likely that it will end peacefully. Tactics in elude stalling while an official with more authority is consulted, getting deadlines pu
24、shed back, focusing the hostage takers attention on details such as what type of airplane they want and asking them open-ended questions rather than yes/no questions. Ensure the safety of the hostages. This means convincing the hostage-taker to allow medical treatment or re lease for sick or injured
25、 hostages, negotiating the delivery of food and water and negotiating the release of as many hostages as possible. Getting some of the hostages out of the situation not only ensures their safety, but it also simplifies the situation in the event that an armed assault becomes necessary. In addition,
26、released hostages can provide invaluable information about the locations and habits of the captors and the other hostages. Keep things calm. From the initial assault through the first hours of negotiations, hostage-takers can be extremely volatile(易波动的 ). Theyre usually angry about whatever perceive
27、d injustice has led them to take hostages, and they are filled with adrenaline(肾上腺素 ) following the excitement of their attack. Angry, excited people with machine guns are not good for hostages. The negotiator should never argue with a hostage-taker and never say no to a demand. Instead, the negotia
28、tor should use delaying tactics or make a counter-offer. Above all, the negotiator should keep a positive, upbeat attitude, reassuring the hostage-taker that everything will eventually work out peace fully. Foster the growth of relationships between negotiator and hostage-taker and between hostage-t
29、aker and hostages. The negotiator must seem credible to the captol. That is, the negotiator must act like he or she understands the reasons for the hostage-takers actions but still come across as strongnot just eager to please. The negotiator can also encourage activities that require cooperation an
30、d interaction between the captors and the hostages, such as sending food and medical supplies in bulk packages that have to be prepared. When the hostage-taker gets to know the hostages and sees them as human beings, it becomes more difficult to execute them. In a 1975 hostage standoff on a train in
31、 Holland, a hostage, Robert de Groot, who had been chosen for death, was spared after the terrorists heard him pray for his wife and children. Some of the hostage-takers wept,and two of them agreed to avoid a fatal shot when they pushed him out of the train. He rolled down an embankment unscathed, p
32、layed dead and escaped a shot while later. When the terrorists selected other hostages for execution, they didnt allow prayer and killed them quickly to avoid the emotional strain. 2 A hostage situation is further worsened by the fact that bystanders could be hurt by stray bullets. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C
33、） NG 3 In all hostage situations, the hostage-taker invariably wants something and the real target is a third party. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 4 Hostage situations are usually in tremendous disorder, so there are no obvious stages in them, （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 5 After they get the hostages, the hostage
34、-takers usually declare their demands during the negotiation phase. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 6 When a negotiator arrives at the scene of a hostage crisis, a first thing is to know _. 7 The type of hostage-taker that NY police officer cope with most often is those in _. 8 Usually, terrorists or radical
35、political groups cause the most famous hostage situations with _. 9 No matter what the hostage situation is like, the principle of negotiating is to work the hostage-takers into a _. 10 Negotiators, push the hostage-takers deadlines, or shift his attention to unimportant details in order to _. 11 To
36、 effectively promote relationships between negotiator and hostage-taker, _ must appear as credible to the captor. Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was s
37、aid. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. （ A） Shes happy that the student center is getting more computers. （ B） Shell
38、let the man use her computer to do statistics assignments. （ C） Shell take a statistics course in the student center soon. （ D） Shed like to buy a computer very soon. （ A） She is very happy to obey the rules. （ B） She is very interested in the rules. （ C） She is irritated by so many rules. （ D） She
39、is sorry for the rules. （ A） Public Buses are fast and cheap transportation tools. （ B） Parking is becoming a big problem. （ C） Subway trains are even safer than taxies. （ D） Taxies are more convenient than buses. （ A） Hes also interested in American literature. （ B） He hasnt decided if he would tak
40、e the literature class. （ C） The woman should have already finished her paper. （ D） The womans topic may not be appropriate. （ A） She feels sorry owing to the mans failure. （ B） She did no better than the man in the contest. （ C） She is optimistic that she wont be the last in the contest. （ D） She t
41、hinks that they can win in the coming contest. （ A） It wont be different from the others. （ B） It will be unusually mild. （ C） It will be warm and comfortable. （ D） It will probably be cold. （ A） By learning English alone. （ B） By learning English hard before test. （ C） By studying at her spare time
42、. （ D） By learning a little regularly. （ A） She is a little tired. （ B） She is going to study in the library. （ C） She wants to listen to the music. （ D） She is going to make a reservation. （ A） She decided to throw it away and buy a new one. （ B） She took it to the repair shop but refused to have i
43、t repaired. （ C） She didnt take it to the repair shop at all. （ D） She turned to mechanics for help but they could do nothing with it. （ A） The traffic is very heavy. （ B） The transportation is convenient. （ C） The bus service is bad. （ D） Few taxis can be seen there. （ A） She will get him to do his
44、 assignment. （ B） She will complete his homework for him. （ C） She will help him put his things in order. （ D） She will tell him how to maintain his car. （ A） The pleasure derived from gardening. （ B） How to grow an amazing garden. （ C） How to choose a good location for a garden. （ D） How to succeed
45、 in growing many plants in a small garden. （ A） From her parents. （ B） Through a gardening magazine. （ C） By attending a class. （ D） By self-study. （ A） The soil of the garden should be of high quality. （ B） The garden should occupy a large area （ C） There should be lots of plants in the garden. （ D
46、） The position of the garden should be good. （ A） To save space. （ B） To help the plants grow healthily. （ C） To make plants yield more fruits. （ D） To water the plants easily. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some quest
47、ions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. （ A） They were evident in the decreased world temperature. （ B） They were of several days duration worldwide. （ C） They were felt
48、mainly in the Dutch East Indies. （ D） They were immediately evident to the worlds scientists. （ A） Englands proximity to the sea. （ B） Volcanic ash in the atmosphere. （ C） Flooding in the area. （ D） Pollution caused by the International Revolution. （ A） There was a long interval between cause and ef
49、fect. （ B） The weather was difficult for us to forecast. （ C） Weather forecast was inaccurate. （ D） Ecologists didnt appear until modern times. （ A） A government document. （ B） A literary work. （ C） A social art. （ D） An individuals creation. （ A） Because they were not easily burned and can last long. （ B） Because they were very cheap materials. （ C） Because they could be found here and there. （ D） Because they could add artistic value to buildings. （ A） Architecture and Literatur
