1、大学英语六级（ 2013年 12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷 147及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then discuss how to get rid of this phenomenon. You should give sound arguments t
2、o support your views and write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Section A （ A） She can postpone the deadline for the man. （ B） The man has called the wrong number. （ C） The man should write to the person in charge directly. （ D） She is too busy to help the man. （ A） She couldnt find he
3、r seat. （ B） She took the wrong train. （ C） She just missed her train. （ D） She found her ticket missing. （ A） He only has 50 dollars in his pocket. （ B） He doesnt believe Mr. Goldmans going to retire soon. （ C） He thinks people retire too early nowadays. （ D） He wants to prepare the gift all by him
4、self. （ A） The woman gives the man a spare battery. （ B） The man will use the womans digital recorder. （ C） The woman can share her notes with the man. （ D） They both hate Prof. Hopkins course. （ A） The womans suitcase is overloaded. （ B） The flight is delayed because of the woman. （ C） The woman is
5、 having some problem with her luggage. （ D） The woman is traveling with her mum. （ A） He wants to go to the womans apartment. （ B） He is going to the party tonight. （ C） His place wont be suitable for study tonight. （ D） There is still enough time for the presentation. （ A） The man should spend some
6、 time preparing for the interviews. （ B） She wont go with the man for she has some important work to do. （ C） The man should buy some more formal clothes. （ D） The T-shirts on sale arent really very cheap. （ A） She wants to vote against the building of a new community center. （ B） She wont go voting
7、 because she needs to accompany the kids. （ C） She will let the man make the decision on the voting. （ D） She thinks the kids should also have the right to vote. （ A） They should make several observations of the same child. （ B） They should observe several children at the same time. （ C） They should
8、 find an ideal location for the observations. （ D） They should observe at the time most convenient for themselves. （ A） The behavioral patterns of children at different time. （ B） The influence of environment on a childs behavior. （ C） The impact of observation on a childs behavior （ D） The interact
9、ive influence of childrens behavior. （ A） Ignore the presentation. （ B） Divide the assignment. （ C） Omit some chapters. （ D） Listen more carefully. （ A） To attend the orientation. （ B） To meet his professor. （ C） To find some books. （ D） To use the computer. （ A） The name of the author. （ B） His stu
10、dent ID. （ C） the title of the book. （ D） His whereabouts. （ A） The library is quite modern and highly computerized. （ B） There are some books on psychology on the second floor. （ C） It serves both the students on campus and outside visitors. （ D） The renewal system is very simple and user-friendly.
11、 （ A） Because they may need the books from time to time. （ B） Because such books are very precious and valuable. （ C） Because they hope everyone has a chance to read the books. （ D） Because there is only one copy in the library. Section B （ A） Teens have more means to make friends. （ B） Teens have l
12、ess longing for more friends. （ C） Teens have better understanding of friendships. （ D） Teens are more tolerant of loneliness. （ A） The economic changes. （ B） The advanced technology. （ C） Smaller families. （ D） High level of self-esteem. （ A） Similar researches in other countries. （ B） The impact o
13、f social networks. （ C） The degree of modernization. （ D） The quality of peoples friendships. （ A） Anthropology. （ B） Art. （ C） Biology. （ D） Psychology. （ A） They have the same ancestor. （ B） Van Truong is a fan of Van Gogh. （ C） Van Truong used her notes to form a Van Goghs painting. （ D） Van Truo
14、ng hopes to be a painter as famous as Van Gogh. （ A） It makes her popular among students. （ B） It avoids the dullness of study. （ C） It saves her lots of money. （ D） It makes the notes easy to understand. （ A） Because of its bright color. （ B） Because of its high value. （ C） Because of its profound
15、meaning. （ D） Because of its structural arrangement. （ A） Fewer colors. （ B） Smaller size. （ C） Fewer frames per second. （ D） No sound. （ A） Red, blue and green. （ B） Green and yellow. （ C） Blue, red and yellow. （ D） Yellow and blue. （ A） Images of dogs playing. （ B） Dogs fighting against thieves. （
16、 C） Beautifully decorated dog cages. （ D） Dogs pulling a sleigh. Section C 26 Amsterdam, a triumph of resourcefulness, is the biggest city in the Netherlands. Space is rare and【 B1】 _in Amsterdam, where much of the land has been reclaimed from the sea. The citys planners turned this to their advanta
17、ge: Amsterdams canals soothe rather than imprison the city. They provide its【 B2】 _and its calm. That calm is regularly disturbed by the trill of bicycle bells, but【 B3】 _you remain at a safe distance from the cyclists, its the perfect city for pedestrians. No longer【 B4】 _a tourist industry, by its
18、 now locals-only coffee shops, travelers have no excuse for not discovering the best of Amsterdam. Most Amsterdammers work hard, but also【 B5】 _the slower pace that their hometown obliges. This is not a city to speed around【 B6】 _by car. To experience the best of Amsterdam, its often best to take th
19、ings slowly. There are several ways to travel the canals as they were designed to be traveled. Visitors can join a cruise for a few hours or full day, guided around the sights, or【 B7】 _their own row boat. Traffic can be heavy, and slow, on the waterways, but【 B8】 _sea-level on a fine day is a calmi
20、ng way to take in the city. Visitors can also get the odd insight into how the true water-dwellers live, through the window of their narrow boats and barges. The Van Gogh Museum can【 B9】 _the museum lovers. This best of Amsterdam collection is the most complete of Van Goghs works anywhere. The【 B10】
21、 _is thorough, with paintings and sketches complemented by audio-visual reference points. 27 【 B1】 28 【 B2】 29 【 B3】 30 【 B4】 31 【 B5】 32 【 B6】 33 【 B7】 34 【 B8】 35 【 B9】 36 【 B10】 Section A 36 The selfishness of humans is a central assumption of orthodox(传统的 )economics, where it is thought to lead
22、to benefits for the economy as a whole. It is what the 18th-century Scottish economist Adam Smith described as the “ invisible hand“. But evolutionary biologists have come to see cooperation and selflessness as a big part of our【 C1】 _as a species. During the course of our evolution, they point out,
23、 cooperative groups【 C2】 _outcompeted groups of cheats. So we are inherently cooperative when operating within our own groups. We have also【 C3】_social mechanisms to reinforce actions that benefit the group. “You could say teamwork at the scale of small groups is the signature【 C4】 _of our species,“
24、 says evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson from Binghamton University in New York. But【 C5】 _teamwork can include a competition mechanism to promote actions that benefit the group, particularly in larger groups. Its also important to remember that in-group cooperation evolved partly in response
25、 to competition between groups. This evolutionary perspective is radically new to economics, and it could be relevant to grand-scale economic problems that require solutions involving cooperation between nations. Take the challenge of getting nations to work together over economic solutions to clima
26、te changea【 C6】 _focus in the runup to climate negotiations in Paris, France, later this year. This is a gargantuan(巨大的 )problem from any perspective, but it is【 C7】 _an issue of coordination for the sake of the common good at a massive scale, says Wilson. “The challenge is therefore to【 C8】 _at lar
27、ger scales the coordination and control that takes place more spontaneously at smaller scales,“ he saysfrom multicellular(多细胞的 )organisms to village-sized groups of humans. “Morality evolved out of cooperation within and competition between groups, so when acting as a single group to tackle global p
28、roblems we will have to【 C9】 _the role of natural selection ourselves,“ Wilson says. This might involve pursuing a wide variety of【 C10】 _, identifying those that work best, and then creating incentives to cooperate on implementation. “In some ways its the opposite of the invisible hand. “ A)adaptat
29、ion B)assume C)compel D)consistently E)developed F)effective G)essentially H)implement I)particular J)promptly K)remarkable L)rumor M)strategies N)success O)suspicion 37 【 C1】 38 【 C2】 39 【 C3】 40 【 C4】 41 【 C5】 42 【 C6】 43 【 C7】 44 【 C8】 45 【 C9】 46 【 C10】 Section B 46 Why Depression Needs a New De
30、finition AMany psychiatrists believe that a new approach to diagnosing and treating depressionlinking individual symptoms to their underlying mechanismsis needed for research to move forward. In his Aphorisms, Hippocrates defined melancholia(忧郁症 ), an early understanding of depression, as a state of
31、 “fears and losing courage, if they last a long time. “ It was caused, he believed, by an excess of bile(胆汁 )in the body(the word “melancholia“ is ancient Greek for “black bile“). BEver since then, doctors have struggled to create a more precise and accurate definition of the illness that still isnt
32、 well understood. In the 1920s, the German psychiatrist Kurt Schneider argued that depression could be divided into two separate conditions, each requiring a different form of treatment: depression that resulted from changes in mood, which he called “inner depression“ , and depression resulting from
33、 reactions to outside events, or “reactive depression“. His theory was challenged in 1926, when the British psychologist Edward Mapother argued in the British Medical Journal that there was no evidence for two distinct types of depression, and that the apparent differences between depression patient
34、s were just differences in the severity of the condition. CToday, Schneiders subtypes have largely fallen out of favor, but over the years, many more definitions were offered in their place. In 1969, the American psychologist Rollo May wrote in his book Love and Will that “ depression is the inabili
35、ty to construct a future,“ while the cognitive psychologist Albert Ellis argued in 1987 that depression, unlike “appropriate sadness“ , stemmed from “irrational beliefs“ that left sufferers ill-equipped to deal with even mild setbacks. DIn 1952, the American Psychiatric Association tried to standard
36、ize the definitions of mental illnesses, including depression, by creating a taxonomy(分类法 )of mental illnesses. In the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, depression was listed under the broad category of “disorders without clearly defined physical cause“. The DSM-III, published
37、in 1980, was the APAs first attempt to clarify the definitions of specific disorders by listing their symptoms: the new edition included guidelines for differentiating depression from other disorders, and outlined eight symptoms of depression, included “poor appetite or significant weight loss“ and
38、“complaints or evidence of diminished ability to think or concentrate“. If an adult met four of the eight symptoms, the manual counseled, he or she would meet the criteria for clinical depression. In the DSM-V, published in 2013, depressive disorders were finally allocated their own chapter. The dia
39、gnostic criteria were mostly unchanged, with the exception of one additional symptom: “ Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report(e.g., feels sad or empty)or observation made by others(e. g. , appears tearful). “ ESome scientists believe that the DSM-
40、V definition is still too vague. As the psychiatrist Daniel Goldberg noted in the journal World Psychiatry in 2011, many of the DSM symptoms are opposites, which can make it difficult for researchers working to develop a more precise understanding of the condition. “A patient who has psychomotor ret
41、ardation(精神运动性阻滞 ), hypersomnia(嗜睡 ), and gaining weight is scored as having identical symptoms as another who is agitated, sleeping badly, and has weight loss,“ Goldberg wrote. FMany recent studies have verified Goldbergs concerns. In 2000, for example, a group of researchers at Johns Hopkins Unive
42、rsity attempted to identify subtypes of depression by studying the symptoms of nearly 2,000 patients. However, the researchers were unable to find much of a pattern connecting gender, family history, symptoms, and the degree of the condition(mild to severe). “Depression is of different kind,“ they c
43、oncluded, adding that “ the severity of an episode appears to be more informative than the pattern of symptoms. “ And in 2010, researchers in Germany testing the validity of the DSM-IV definition found that the criteria captured a huge population of patients with “widely varying associations with th
44、e pattern of co-morbidity(共病 ), personality traits, features of the depressive episode and demographic characteristics. “ The results, they argued, “ challenge our understanding of major depression as a similar categorical entity. “ GPart of the problem, said Scott Monroe, a professor of psychology
45、at the University of Notre Dame, is that in medical term, depression is considered a syndrome rather than a disease. While a disease is a specific condition characterized by a common underlying cause and consistent physical traits, a syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms known to frequently
46、 appear together, but without a single known cause. In a paper published in June in the journal Current Directions in Psychological Science, Monroe called for scientists to begin defining depression with more precision. “It is in this vague and imprecise realm that problems can arise,“ he wrote, “ a
47、nd vague insights based on imperfect similarities and differences eventually may prove to be clear oversights. “ HPart of the reason that scientists are still working in the “vague and imprecise realm“ , as Monroe put it, is because they still dont have a clear answer for what causes depression. In
48、the 1960s, the dominant hypothesis was that it stemmed from a chemical imbalance in the brain, specifically from lower levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin(血清素 ). As a result, drug companies poured resources into developing “selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors“(SSRIs), drugs that increased t
49、he amount of serotonin in the brain. SSRIs are still the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressantdespite the fact that research has shown that lower levels of serotonin do not necessarily cause depression for all individuals. And in 2010, a review of three decades worth of studies on antidepressants found that while SSRIs can be helpful for severely depressed people, their effectiveness “may be minimal or nonexistent“ in tho
