1、大学英语六级（ 2013年 12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷 191及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the picture, give relevant examples, and then explain what you will do to solve the problem. You
2、 should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Section A （ A） Looking for a person to talk to. （ B） Working on a troublemaking talking. （ C） Trying to understand the two genders. （ D） Trying to understand friendship between women. （ A） Their favorite players. （ B） Their careers. （ C） T
3、heir family. （ D） Their recent life. （ A） Enthusiastic. （ B） Doubtful. （ C） Peaceful. （ D） Cautious. （ A） An effective tool to help form womens friendship. （ B） A way to understand and appreciate friends. （ C） An access that a woman can express her troubles. （ D） An effective way to achieve somethin
4、g from womens friends. （ A） Reluctant. （ B） Positive. （ C） Ambitious. （ D） Indifferent. （ A） No one wants to look at the closet. （ B） The man has already cleaned it up. （ C） It has gradually become a trash can. （ D） It is occupied by lots of useless stuff. （ A） The stairs to upper floor are broken.
5、（ B） The upstairs toilet is full of bleach smell. （ C） It should be entirely cleaned up. （ D） It is often tidied up by the womans parents. （ A） Pick up dirty clothes. （ B） Fix the upstairs toilet. （ C） Watch the game. （ D） Do the wash. Section B （ A） From meat （ B） From milk （ C） From eggs. （ D） Fro
6、m sunshine. （ A） Darker skinned people. （ B） lighter skinned people. （ C） The old aged people. （ D） People living in the north. （ A） Taking excessive Vitamin D is harmful to health. （ B） Many people dont know the importance of Vitamin D. （ C） Older people are more likely to lack Vitamin D. （ D） More
7、 and more people suffer from skin caner. （ A） 200. （ B） 400. （ C） 600. （ D） 800. （ A） To explain the functions of the station. （ B） To comment on some popular singers. （ C） To address the issue of a new record. （ D） To introduce a radio program to listeners. （ A） About the Big Hits. （ B） The History
8、 of Pop. （ C） The Road to Music. （ D） Today in History. （ A） It is based on the interviews with popular singers. （ B） It is to introduce some famous songwriters. （ C） It helps to understand the words to the big music hiis. （ D） It is the best program for the young listeners. Section C （ A） 13%. （ B）
9、 33%. （ C） 25%. （ D） 35%. （ A） Because they are effective against most diseases. （ B） Because the effects of antibiotics are exaggerated. （ C） Because doctors tend to give exaggerated prescriptions. （ D） Because antibiotics are sold at a relatively low price. （ A） A time when common infections could
10、 kill people. （ B） A time when no country is ready to fight antibiotics. （ C） A time when no new antibiotic will be invented. （ D） A time when most serious diseases can be cured. （ A） Lent more money to the government. （ B） Decreased its main interest rates. （ C） Gave favorable loans to private comp
11、anies. （ D） Decreased its asset-buying program. （ A） To help banks to keep more money. （ B） To put more money into the economy. （ C） To make less depositors withdraw money. （ D） To reduce the ever-rising inflation rate. （ A） They are confident in its economic security. （ B） They think more aggressiv
12、e measures are needed. （ C） They are dissatisfied with its economic growth. （ D） They are afraid of both deflation and inflation. （ A） College graduates earn more money. （ B） The return on higher education is bad. （ C） College graduates tend to lose their jobs. （ D） Pursuing a degree in college cost
13、s a lot. （ A） Law. （ B） Trade. （ C） Engineering. （ D） Arts. （ A） It does research among small numbers of graduates. （ B） It ignores schools unfairly affected by local job markets. （ C） It overstates the financial value of higher education. （ D） It compares poor colleges to rich ones offering grants.
14、 （ A） They can give colleges instructions on their teaching. （ B） They can show whether college is worthwhile or not. （ C） They can help people cherish what they possess. （ D） They can help people make informed choices. Section A 26 After decades of decline, the share of mothers who stay home with t
15、heir children has【 C1】 _risen over the last several years, a new report by the Pew Research Center has found. Pew【 C2】 _the rise of stay-at-home mothers to a mix of economic and societal factors. The【 C3】 _majority of married stay-at-home mothers, 85%, say they are doing so by choice in order to car
16、e for their families. That rate is much lower for single stay-at-home mothers, at 41%. The report also found a【 C4】 _in women working because of the recession, a trend that has【 C5】 _as the economy recovers. Pew cited an increase in immigrant families, for whom it is more【 C6】 _to have a mother stay
17、 at home with her children, and an increase in the number of women who said they were disabled and unable to work. A companion public opinion survey by Pew, from 2013, found that mothers are much more likely than fathers to have【 C7】 _work hours, take a significant amount of time off, quit a job or,
18、 by a small【 C8】 _turn down a promotion in order to care for a child or family member. A second Pew survey, taken this year, found most in the general public think that children are better off with a parent at home. “This has important【 C9】 _for the day to day lives of children,“ said DVera Conn, th
19、e reports author. The report also looked at how stay-at-home versus working moms use their time. Those at home spend more time on housework, child care,【 C10】 _and sleep. A)reduced E)interim I)leisure M)abnormally B)impetus F)steadily J)drop N)attributed C)vast G)common K)intuitions O)margin D)impli
20、cations H)cling L)lingered 27 【 C1】 28 【 C2】 29 【 C3】 30 【 C4】 31 【 C5】 32 【 C6】 33 【 C7】 34 【 C8】 35 【 C9】 36 【 C10】 Section B 36 The Industrial Revolution AThe Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic, and technological change in 18th century and 19th century Great B
21、ritain. It commenced with the introduction of steam power(fuelled primarily by coal)and powered, automated machinery(primarily in textile manufacturing). BThe technological and economic progress of the Industrial Revolution gained driving force with the introduction of steam-powered ships, boats and
22、 railways. In the 19th Century it spread throughout Western Europe and North America, eventually impacting the rest of the world. Causes CThe causes of the Industrial Revolution were complex and remain a topic for debate, with some historians seeing the Revolution as an outgrowth of social and insti
23、tutional changes brought forth by the final end of feudalism in Great Britain following the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labor-intensive, forcing the surplus population who could no
24、longer find employment in agriculture into the cities to seek work in the newly developed factories. The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital is also cited as a set of factors, as is
25、 the scientific revolution of the 17th century. The importance of a large domestic market should also be considered an important cause catalyst(催化剂 )of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations(e.g. France), markets were split up by local regions
26、 often imposing tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them. The restructuring of the American domestic market would trigger the second Industrial Revolution over 100 years later. Effects DThe application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspa
27、per and popular book publishing, which reinforced rising literacy and demands for mass political participation. Universal white male suffrage(参政权 )was adopted in the United States, resulting in the election of the popular General Andrew Jackson in 1828 and the creation of political parties organized
28、 for mass participation in elections. In the United Kingdom, the Reform Act 1832 addressed the concentration of population in districts with almost no representation in Parliament, expanding the electorate(选区 ), leading to the founding of modern political parties and initiating a series of reforms w
29、hich would continue into the 20th century. In France, the July Revolution widened the franchise(公民权 )and established a constitutional monarchy. Belgium established its independence from the Netherlands, as a constitutional monarchy, in 1830. Struggles for liberal reforms in Switzerlands various cant
30、ons(州 )in the 1830s had mixed results. A further series of attempts at political reform or revolution would sweep Europe in 1848, with mixed results, and initiated massive migration to North America, as well as parts of South America, South Africa, and Australia. Textile Manufacture EIn the early 18
31、th century, British textile manufacture was based on wool which was processed by individual artisans(工匠 ), doing the spinning and weaving on their own premises. This system is called a cottage industry. Flax(亚麻 )and cotton were also used for fine materials, but the processing was difficult because o
32、f the pre-processing needed, and thus goods in these materials made only a small proportion of the output. Use of the spinning wheel and hand loom restricted the production capacity of the industry, but a number of advances increased productivity to the extent that manufactured cotton goods became t
33、he dominant British export by the early decades of the 19th century. India was displaced as the premier supplier of cotton goods. Step by step, individual inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning(carding, twisting and spinning, and subsequently rolling)so that the suppl
34、y of yarn fed a weaving industry that itself was advancing with improvements to shuttles and the loom or “frame“. The output of an individual labourer increased dramatically, with the effect that these new machines were seen as a threat to employment, and early innovators were attacked and their inv
35、entions wrecked. The inventors often failed to exploit their inventions, and fell on hard times. FTo capitalize upon these advances, it took a class of entrepreneurs, of which the most famous is Richard Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were actually the products of such
36、 as Thomas Highs and John Kay: Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed the initiatives, and protected the machines. He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory, and he developed the use of power first horse power, then water power an
37、d finally steam power which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry. Why Europe? GOne question that has been of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world, particularly China. Numerous factors have been suggested includ
38、ing ecology, government, and culture. Benjamin Elman argues that China was in a high level equilibrium(平衡 )trap in which the non-industrial methods were efficient enough to prevent use of industrial methods with high capital costs. HKenneth Pommeranz, in The Great Divergence, argues that Europe and
39、China were remarkably similar in 1700, and that the crucial differences which created the Industrial Revolution in Europe were sources of coal near manufacturing centres and raw materials such as food and wood from the New World which allowed Europe to economically expand in a way that China could n
40、ot Indeed, a combination of all these factors is possible. Why Great Britain? IThe debate around the concept of the initial startup of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the thirty-to-hundred-year lead the British had over the continental European countries and America Some have stressed the im
41、portance of natural or financial resources the United Kingdom received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment. Alternatively, the greater liberalization of trade from a large merchant base may ha
42、ve been able to utilize scientific and technological developments emerging in the UK and elsewhere more effectively than other states with stronger monarchies, such as Russias Tzars. The UKs extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already open for many forms of early manufac
43、tured goods. The nature of conflict in the period resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest impacting much of the rest of Europe. JAnother theory believes that Great Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due
44、 to its dense population for its small geographical size, and the availability of natural resources like copper, tin and coal, giving excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry. Furthermore, the stable political situation, in addition to the greater receptiveness of the socie
45、ty(as compared to other European countries)are reasons that add to this theory, enhancing its plausibility. KReinforcement of confidence in the rule of law, which followed the establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Great Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1689, and the emerg
46、ence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the National Debt by the Bank of England, contributed to the capacity for, and interest in, private financial investment in industrial ventures. LThis argument has, on the whole, tended to neglect the fact that several inventors and
47、entrepreneurs were rational free thinkers or “Philosophers“ typical of a certain class of British intellectuals in the late 18th century, and were by no means normal church goers or members of religious sects. Examples of these free thinkers were the Lunar Society of Binningham(which flourished from
48、 1765 to 1809). Its members were exceptional in that they were among the very few who were conscious that an industrial revolution was then taking place in Great Britain. They actively worked as a group to encourage it, not least by investing in it and conducting scientific experiments which led to
49、innovative products. 37 Some pointed out that Britain gained huge profits by involving in the slave trade, which stimulated investment in industry. 38 A cotton mill set up by an entrepreneur mechanized the textile industry by utilizing power in production process. 39 The application of coal-fuelled steam power marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. 40 The constitutional monarchy of Great Britain was established in 1689. 41 The employment rate in agriculture kept decreasing since food
