1、大学英语六级（阅读）模拟试卷 5及答案与解析 一、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the infor
2、mation given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 0 Smartphones A smartphone is one device that can take care of all of your handheld computing and communication needs in a sin
3、gle, small package. Basics of a Smartphone Unlike many traditional cell phones, smartphones allow individual users to install, configure(设定 )and run applications of their choosing. A smartphone offers the ability to conform the device to your particular way of doing things. Most standard cell-phone
4、software offers only limited choices for re-configuration, forcing you to adapt to the way its set up. On a standard phone, whether or not you like the built-in calendar application, you are stuck with it except for a few minor adjustments. If that phone were a smartphone, you could install any comp
5、atible calendar application you like. Since cell phones and PDAs are the most common handheld devices today, a smartphone is usually either a phone with added PDA capabilities or a PDA with added phone capabilities. Smartphones can do many things: sending and receiving mobile phone calls, Personal I
6、nformation Management(PIM)including notes, calendar and to-do list, communication with laptop or desktop computers, data synchronization(同步 )with applications like Microsoft Outlook and Apples iCal calendar programs, E-mail, instant messaging, and playing audio and video files in some standard forma
7、ts. Future applications promise to be even more impressive. For example, the Nokia 613li is a phone utilizing near field communication(NFC)to allow the phone to act as a wireless credit card. The phone uses a two-way communication system to transfer payment information to pads at certain retail stor
8、es. Currently, its still in the trial phase of development. Network Protocols Smartphones use cell-phone network technology to send and receive data(such as phone calls, web browsing, file transfers, etc.). Developers classify this technology into generations. The first generation includes analog(模拟
9、 )cell phone technology. Digital cell phones require more advanced protocols, which constitute the second generation. Between generation two and three, network engineers created protocols that are more advanced than generation twos digital technology but not so innovative that they are a truly new g
10、eneration. Developers refer to these protocols as generation 2. 5. This generation includes several early smartphone protocols, some of which are still used today. General Packet Radio Services(GPRS)is a wireless, packet-based communication service and until recently was the standard 2. 5G protocol
11、used in most smartphones. Unlike a circuit-switched voice connection, this is a packet-switched, “always on“ connection that remains active as long as the phone is within range of the service. It allows smartphones to do things like run applications remotely over a net-work, interface with the Inter
12、net, participate in instant messenger sessions, act as a wireless modem for a computer and transmit and receive e-mails. Flexible Interfaces The core services on smartphones all tie in to the idea of a multi-purpose device that can effectively multitask. A user can watch a video clip, field a phone
13、call, then return to the video clip after the call, all without closing each application. Or he or she can flip through the digital calendar and to-do list applications without interrupting the voice call. All of the data stored on the phone can be synchronized with outside applications or manipulat
14、ed by third-party phone applications in any number of ways. Systems supported by smartphones include Bluetooth, a short-range, wireless radio service that allows phones to wirelessly link up with each other and with other nearby devices that support it. This includes things like printers, scanners,
15、input devices, computers and headsets. Some varieties of Bluetooth only allow communication with one device at a time, but others allow simultaneous connection with multiple devices. Also included is data synchronization. The phone keeping track of your personal information, like appointments, to-do
16、 lists, addresses, and phone numbers, needs to be able to communicate with all of the other devices you use to keep track of those things. There are hundreds of possible platforms and applications you might use for this in the course of a day. If you want to keep all of this data in synchronization
17、with whats on your phone, then you generally have to look for a cell phone that speaks the languages of all of the devices and applications you use. Or you can go out and buy new applications that speak the language of your cell phone. Then there is Open Mobile Alliance(OMA), a collaborative organiz
18、ation with the mission to “facilitate global user adoption of mobile data services by specifying market-driven mobile service enablers that ensure service interoperability(互用性 )across devices, geographies, service providers, operators, and networks, while allowing businesses to compete through innov
19、ation and differentiation“. The OMA formed a Data Synchronization Working Group, which is continuing the work begun by the SyncML Initiative. SyncML is an open-standards project designed to eliminate the trouble of worrying about whether your PIM(个人信息管理 )devices sync up with your phone and vice-vers
20、a(反过来也一样 ). The project is designed so that any kind of data can be synchronized with any application on any piece of hardware, through any network, provided that they are all programmed to OMA standards. This includes synchronization over the Web, Bluetooth, mail protocols and TCP/IP networks. The
21、Future of Smartphones Smartphones are getting thinner and cheaper, and as a result are entering the consumer market. Analysts predict that one billion smartphone handsets will be sold by 2011. Perhaps the most challenging consideration for the future is security. Smartphones and PDAs are already pop
22、ular among many corporate executives, who often use their phones to transmit confidential information. Smartphones may be vulnerable to security breaches such as an Evil Twin attack. In an evil twin attack, a hacker sets a servers service identifier(标识符 )to that of a legitimate hotspot or network wh
23、ile simultaneously blocking traffic to the real server. When a user connects with the hackers server, information can be tapped and security is compromised. One downside to the openness and configurability(可配置性 )of smartphones is that it also makes them susceptible to viruses. Hackers have written v
24、iruses that attack SymbianOS(操作系统 )phones. The viruses can do things like turning off anti-virus software, locking the phone completely or deleting all applications stored on the phone. On the other side, some critics argue that anti-virus software manufacturers greatly exaggerate the risks, harms a
25、nd scope of phone viruses in order to help sell their software. The incredible diversity in smartphone hardware, software and network protocols restrain practical, broad security measures. Most security considerations either focus on particular operating systems or have more to do with user behavior
26、 than network security. With data transmission rates reaching fast speeds and the incorporation of WiFi(无线局域网 )technology, the sky is the limit on what smartphones can do. Possibly the most exciting thing about smartphone technology is mat the field is still wide open. Its an idea that probably hasn
27、t found its perfect, real-world implementation yet. Every crop of phones brings new designs and new interface ideas. No one developer or manufacturer has come up with the perfect shape or size yet. The next generation smartphone could look like a flip phone, a tablet PC, a candy bar or something no
28、one has conceived of yet. 1 Nokia 6131i is in the trial phase of development in the function of acting as a_. （ A） call receiver （ B） PIM （ C） wireless credit card （ D） PDA 2 According to developers, analog cell phone technology belongs to_. （ A） generation 1 （ B） generation 2. 5 （ C） generation 3 （
29、 D） generation 2 3 We can infer from the passage that the early smartphone protocols first appeared in_. （ A） generation 3 （ B） generation 2 （ C） generation 1 （ D） generation 2. 5 4 Whats the GPRS advantage according to the passage? （ A） It is a 2. 5G protocol. （ B） It is a circuit-switched voice co
30、nnection. （ C） It is a packet-switched connection. （ D） It always remains active. 5 Therere no specific words showing that a smartphone user can_while answering a phone call. （ A） look though digital calendar （ B） check to-do list （ C） watch a video clip （ D） multitask effectively 6 Usually, a smart
31、phone which supports Bluetooth can_. （ A） connect with multiple devices at a time （ B） connect headsets, scanners and input devices nearby （ C） connect another nearby smartphone supporting Bluetooth （ D） connect to any devices that support it 7 According to Data Synchronization Working Group, the da
32、ta on the phone can be easily synchronized with any applications if they are of_. （ A） TCP networks （ B） IP networks （ C） OMA standards （ D） SyncML Initiative 8 Security of smartphones has to be given priority in the future because many executives use them to send_. 9 Feasible security measures are
33、hard to apply to smartphone for its_in hardware , software and network. 10 The perspectives for smartphones are limitless, and the next generation smartphone could be of any_. 10 Does the World Face a Future of Water Wars? Throughout history, people have fought bitter wars over political ideology, n
34、ational sovereignty and religious expression. How much more intense will these conflicts be when people fight over the Earths most indispensable resource water? We may find out in the not-too-distant future if projections about the availability of water in the Middle East and other regions prove cor
35、rect. Less than three percent of the planets stock is freshwater, and almost two-thirds of this amount is trapped in ice caps, glaciers, and underground aquifers(含水层 )too deep or too remote to access. In her book, Pillars of Sand Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?, Sandra Postel outlines three forces
36、that drive tension and conflict over freshwater: Using up the water “resource pie“. In India, the worlds second-most-populous nation, with over 1,000,000,000 inhabitants, the rate of groundwater withdrawal is twice that of recharge, a deficit higher than in any other country. Although water is a ren
37、ewable resource, it is not an expanding one. The freshwater available today for more than 6, 000, 000, 000 people is no greater than it was 2, 000 years ago, when global population was approximately 200, 000, 000.(The current U. S. population is 287,000,000.) Global agriculture accounts for about 70
38、% of all freshwater use. In five of the worlds most water-stressed, contentious areas the Aral Sea region, the Ganges, the Jordan, the Nile and the Tigris-Euphrates population increases of up to 75% are projected by 2025. With the fastest rate of growth in the world, the population of the Palestinia
39、n territory will more than double over the next generation. Most experts agree that, because of geography, population pressures and politics, water wars are most likely to erupt in the Middle East, a region where the amount of available freshwater per capita will decrease by about 50% over the next
40、generation. Canadian writer Marq de Villiers notes that “it is now widely accepted that the 1967 Arab-Israeli War had its roots in water politics as much as it did in national territorialism.“ Speaking in 1996 of regional and global tensions arising from environmental damage, the U. S. Secretary of
41、State Warren Christopher stated that “nowhere is this more evident than in the valleys of the Middle East, where the struggle for water has a direct impact on security and stability. “ Postel estimates that the almost 2, 400, 000, 000 world population increase projected over the next 35 years will r
42、equire the water equivalent of 20 Nile Rivers or 97 Colorado Rivers. These astonishing numbers begin to make sense upon consideration that the production of one ton each of grain and rice require approximately 1,000 and 3,000 tons of water, respectively. It is hardly surprising that, of the 34 count
43、ries classified as “water-stressed“, 32 are net grain importers. In his award-winning book, Environment, Scarcity, and Violence, Thomas Ho-mer-Dixon states that water is the resource most likely to trigger interstate warfare, a sentiment echoed by Jacques Leslie: “Oil belongs to whoever owns the lan
44、d above it; water complicates ownership.“ Almost 40% of the worlds population resides in the 214 river basins that flow through two or more countries. All but three percent of Egypts freshwater comes from the Nile, a river that originates in Ethiopia and makes its way through Sudan before reaching t
45、he ancient land of the pharaohs. To date, only the poverty in Ethiopia and Sudan has prevented a water war. What will happen when these two nations commence water-intensive drives toward modernization as well as strive to satisfy the thirst of a projected 139,000,000 more people(the equivalent of fo
46、ur Californias)by mid century? Canadian water and security analyst Steve Lonegran of British Columbias Victoria University has stated: “I dont doubt that if Ethiopia starts building water projects that restrict the flow of the Nile, Egypt will bomb them. “ De Villiers reminds us that two-thirds of I
47、sraels water comes from the Golan Heights and the West Bank, territories it gained via military conquest. Noting the restrictions imposed on groundwater withdrawals from the West Bank by Israel, Homer-Dixon states: “These restrictions have been far more severe for Palestinians than for Israeli settl
48、ers. They have contributed to the rapid decline in Palestinian agriculture in the region, to the dependence of Palestinians on day laborers within Israel, and, ultimately, to rising frustrations in the Palestinian community. “ While numerous political, economic, and ideological factors also must be
49、taken into account, he concludes that “water scarcity“ has been a factor in at least one uprising in the West Bank and Gaza territories. As citizens of an advanced industrial society, we tend to look for a technological “fix“ to problems, and the escalating(逐步增长的 )freshwater shortfall is no exception. Cleansing seawater of its salt and mineral content would provide a never-ending supply of potable water. The basic desalinization(脱盐 )process, as de Villiers notes, is simple high school chemistry: Wa
