1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 179及答案与解析 Section A 0 Years ago, doctors often said that pain was a normal part of life. In particular, when older patients【 C1】 _of pain, they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it. Times have changed. Today, we take pain【 C2】 _. In
2、deed, pain is now considered the fifth vital sign, as important as blood pressure, temperature, breathing rate and pulse in【 C3】 _a persons well-being. We know that chronic(慢性的 )pain can disrupt(扰乱 )a persons life, causing problems that【 C4】 _from missed work to depression. Thats why a growing numbe
3、r of hospitals now depend upon physicians who【 C5】_in pain medicine. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social【 C6】 _related to chronic pain. Such comprehens
4、ive therapy often【 C7】 _the work of social workers, psychiatrists(心理医生 )and psychologists, as well as specialists in pain medicine. This modern【 C8】 _for pain management has led to a wealth of innovative treatments which are more effective and with fewer side effects than ever before. Decades ago, t
5、here were only a【 C9】 _number of drugs available, and many of them caused【 C10】 _side effects in older people, including dizziness and fatigue. This created a double-edged sword: the medications helped relieve the pain but caused other problems that could be worse than the pain itself. A. gravely B.
6、 respect C. limited D. specialize E. seriously F. prompting G. involves H. relieved I. significant J. magnificent K. range L. issues M. result N. determining O. complained 1 【 C1】 2 【 C2】 3 【 C3】 4 【 C4】 5 【 C5】 6 【 C6】 7 【 C7】 8 【 C8】 9 【 C9】 10 【 C10】 Section B 10 Culture Shock A)Because Ive lived
7、 in China for a long time, locals often smile and give me the honorable title of being “an Old China-hand“. Im flattered by that, but I know that no matter how long I live here, Ill still be a “lao-wai“. But Chinese people are very hospitable, and in many situations I feel very much at home. But it
8、wasnt always that way. I must admit, it is not easy to adapt to a new environment. Perhaps by sharing the experiences of one of my friends, readers will gain some insight into adjustments that they may face in the future. B)My friend Dr. Dong had a wonderful chance to go to Seattle to present a pape
9、r at a professional meeting. Having attended my course in Intercultural Communications, he consulted me to review some of the cultural differences he might experience. I also gave him the phone number of a friend of mine who lived in the area. When he got back, we met to review his experience. Dr. D
10、ong told me that the course information had helped him. He experienced the typical stages of culture shock He arrived expectant(期待的 )and happy and enjoyed his first days very much. At the medical conference, he felt quite confident in his area of research and was able to perform well in his presenta
11、tion. But after a few days, he began to feel uncomfortable. His medical English was fine, but the social interaction skills were different, and he was unsure of the cues and the communication style. C)He worried more and more that he was misunderstanding simple English greetings and table talk conve
12、ntions. When someone greeted him with, “Hi, hows it going?“ he thought they had asked him “where are you going?“ and answered with the name of the conference hall, only to get a quizzical(古怪的 )stare from them. At a western style dinner, a colleague asked, “So howre you enjoyin the States?“ he though
13、t he heard, “how are you enjoying your steak?“ and answered that he was eating chicken, not beef. That time, they smiled, and patiently repeated the question, then both laughed at the error. D)Such misunderstandings and miscommunications were minor. But for Dr. Dong, they were the beginning of a sen
14、se of “cultural confusion.“ By the end of the meetings, he felt a deep sense of “cultural stress“ and was worn out from having to pay attention to so many new expressions and ways of dealing with things. He felt his handshake was not as firm as Americans, found that people reacted unusually when he
15、modestly insisted his English was not good after they complimented him, didnt know how to accept dinner invitations properly and therefore missed out on going to several lunches, and so on. Eventually, he was so bewildered that he felt the full impact of “culture shock.“ E)What is culture shock and
16、why does it occur? The term was coined about 50 years ago by the Swedish scholar, Kalvero Oberg. His seminal(有重大影响的 )article, “Culture Shock: Adjustment to New Cultural Environments“(1960)has been reprinted and revised for many textbooks and magazines. He called it “the occupational disease of peopl
17、e who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.“ His use of the word “disease“ is a pun, because it implies that it is like an “ailment(疾病 ), with its own symptoms and cure,“ but also that the root cause is also a feeling of “dis-“ ease, or unsettled uneasiness. F)Think back on your own experience. Ha
18、ve you ever moved from one context to another? Many students feel some of this adjustment shock when they change from one school to another, or move from a small town to a big city. The list of sensations one feels in new surroundings often includes: Feeling like an outsider, feeling unsure of onese
19、lf or even feeling stupid; sensing that ones language skills arent good enough, missing jokes, colloquial(口语的 )phrases, references to TV shows or pop songs or other cultural “insider“ information; feeling lonely and wanting to go “home,“ feeling more and more like a stranger or outcast; feeling over
20、whelmed, overloaded, daydreaming, staring blankly at things or even staring at nothing; becoming more and more afraid of communicating and of making mistakes, worried, anxious. G)These are all symptoms of initial culture shock. With a new context comes new ways of doing things. So being uninitiated(
21、不被接纳的 )and unsure of what to do, this sense of displacement is often very strong at the beginning. But the good news is that humans are very good at adapting. Though everyone undergoes some degree of psychological stress in transition, after a few weeks or months, we learn how to “read“ our new cont
22、ext. We become aware of the new cues, the new expectations, errors, and with a lot of patience with oneself, most people succeed in overcoming culture shock and learn to enjoy their new context. H)Dr. Dongs visit to the US was only three weeks long, but by the end of the 5-day medical conference, he
23、 was already starting to feel more confident. Sure he felt a little foolish about some of the mistakes he had made, but he quickly learned to laugh at his errors and found his colleagues smiled with him. This broke down the barriers to communication and helped him build some good professional relati
24、onships. And after the conference, he contacted the family I had referred him to and had a very nice time visiting them. There were some new cultural surprises, but he discovered he could better understand and adapt to them. I)By the time he returned to China, he was feeling quite positive about his
25、 American trip, and was glad for the new experiences and new skills it had given him. He had become successful in the initial transitions to a new culture. Though he had gone through some embarrassing or trying culture stresses, each had proven to be valuable learning experiences, and in the end had
26、 helped him overcome culture shock. Of course, there were a hundred other adjustments. Some were the ones most difficult at first. Getting used to new things is a normal part of any transition I wish you good luck in your future adjustments! 11 When Dr. Dong was complimented for his English, he felt
27、 he didnt deserve it. 12 Feeling like an outsider is one of the sensations one feels in a new environment. 13 It was the social interaction skills that troubled Dr. Dong during his visit to the US. 14 For Dr. Dong, the embarrassing or trying culture stresses had turned out to be valuable learning ex
28、periences. 15 When Dr. Dong was greeted with “Hi, hows it going?“, he responded with the name of a conference hall. 16 Dr. Dong quickly learned to laugh at his own oral mistakes, which helped him break down the barriers to communication. 17 Since we are good at adapting, we can learn to “read“ our n
29、ew context in a period as short as a few weeks or months. 18 Dr. Dong attended a course of Intercultural Communications in order to get to know some of the cultural differences. 19 Culture shock is defined as the occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted to foreign countries
30、. 20 On many occasions I feel very much comfortable in China, because Chinese people are very hospitable. Section C 20 The rise of multinational corporations(跨国公司 ), global marketing, new communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global p
31、ublic relations or PR. Surprisingly, since modem PR was largely an American invention, the U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries. Ten years ago, for example, the worlds top five public relations agencies were American-owned. In 1991, only one was. T
32、he British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative. A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate(公司的 )planning activities, compared to about one-third of U.S. companies. It may not be long before London replaces New York
33、as the capital of PR. Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. Secondly, Americans lag behind their Eu
34、ropean and Asian counterparts(相对应的人 )in knowing a second language. Less than 5 percent of Burson-Marshalls U.S. employees know two languages. Ogilvy and Mather has about the same percentage. Conversely, some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language. Finally, pe
35、ople involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs. In the financial PR area, for instance, most Americans read the Wall Street Journal. Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and The Economist, publications not often read in
36、 this country. Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN(Cable News Network). Turner recently announced that the word “foreign“ would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts. According to Turner, global communications have made the nations of the world so interdependent tha
37、t there is no longer any such thing as foreign. 21 According to the passage, U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened because of_. （ A） an unparalleled increase in the number of public relations companies （ B） shrinking cultural differences and new communications technologies （ C） the
38、 decreasing number of multinational corporations in the U.S. （ D） increased efforts of other countries in public relations 22 London could soon replace New York as the center of PR because_. （ A） British companies are more ambitious than U.S. companies （ B） British companies place more importance on
39、 PR than U.S. companies （ C） British companies are heavily involved in planning activities （ D） four of the worlds top public relations agencies are British-owned 23 The word “provincial“(Line 2, Para. 3)most probably means “_“. （ A） limited in outlook （ B） like people from the provinces （ C） rigid
40、in flunking （ D） interested in world financial affairs 24 We learn from the third paragraph that employees in the American PR industry _. （ A） speak at least one foreign language fluently （ B） are ignorant about world geography （ C） are not as sophisticated as their European counterparts （ D） enjoy
41、reading a great variety of English business publications 25 What lesson might the PR industry take from Ted Turner of CNN? （ A） American PR companies should be more mternationally-minded. （ B） The American PR industry should develop global communications technologies. （ C） People working in PR shoul
42、d be more fluent in foreign languages. （ D） People involved in PR should avoid using the word “foreign“. 25 There is no denying that students should learn something about how computers work, just as we expect them at least to understand that the internal-combustion engine(内燃机 )has something to do wi
43、th burning fuel, expanding gases and pistons(活塞 )being driven. For people should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what they do. Further, students might be helped by a course that considers the computers impact on society. But that is not what is meant by computer literacy. For
44、 computer literacy is not a form of literacy; it is a trade skill that should not be taught as a liberal art. Learning how to use a computer and learning how to program one are two distinct activities. A case might be made that the competent citizens of tomorrow should free themselves from their fea
45、r of computers. But this is quite different from saying that all ought to know how to program one. Leave that to people who have chosen programming as a career. While programming can be lots of fun, and while our society needs some people who are experts at it, the same is true of auto repair and vi
46、olin-making. Learning how to use a computer is not that difficult, and it gets easier all the time as programs become more “user-friendly“. Let us assume that in the future everyone is going to have to know how to use a computer to be a competent citizen. What does the phrase “learning to use a comp
47、uter“ mean? It sounds like “learning to drive a car“, that is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer. In fact, “learning to use a computer“ is much more like “learning to play a game“, but learning the rules of one game may not help yo
48、u play a second game, whose rules may not be the same. There is no such a thing as teaching someone how to use a computer. One can only teach people to use this or that program and generally that is easily accomplished. 26 To be the competent citizens of tomorrow, people should _. （ A） try to lay a
49、solid foundation in computer science （ B） be aware of how the things that they use do what they do （ C） learn to use a computer by acquiring a certain set of skills （ D） understand that programming a computer is more essential than repairing a car 27 In the second paragraph, “violin-making“ is mentioned to show that_. （ A） programming a computer is as interesting as making a violin （ B） our society needs experts in different fields （ C） violin-making requires as much skill as computer progr
