1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 18及答案与解析 Section B 0 Getting Thin for Good A)Just about everyone has been on a diet at one time or another, and millions of us have learned that the weight we lose is all too easily regained. Still few people question the wisdom of dieting. After all, we reason, the worst that can
2、 happen is that well regain the weight we ve lost then we can simply go on a diet again. B)But some new research suggests there is a risk: yo-yo dieting may seriously distort the bodys weight-control system. The more diets you go on, the harder it may become to lose weight. Even worse, new evidence
3、indicates that repeated cycles of losing and gaining weight may raise the risk of heart problems. C)This last possibility is especially disturbing. As part of a 25-year study that monitored 1,959 men, researchers at the University of Texas School of Public Health in Houston reported in March 1987 th
4、at the men showing large up-and-down weight changes had twice the risk of heart disease as those with only small changes in weight. One paper from the Framingham(Mass.)Heart Study, which has monitored more than 5,000 people for 40 years, also provides troubling information: people who lost ten perce
5、nt of their body weight had about 20 percent reduction in risk of heart disease but people who gained 10 percent raised the risk by 30 percent. These numbers further suggest that going from 150 to 135 pounds, and back to 150 again, could leave you with a higher heart-disease risk than you started wi
6、th. D)When you cut calories and lose weight, your body will protect itself by reducing your basal metabolic rate(BMR). This is the measure of the energy used for routine functions such as breathing and cell repair roughly 60 to 75 percent of the energy consumed by the body. During severe dieting, yo
7、ur BMR drops within 24 hours and can decline a full 20 percent within two weeks. This metabolic decline is one reason dieters often reach a steady unchanging period, and find that the same caloric intake which melted pounds earlier now produces no weight loss. E)The body adapts to dieting in other w
8、ays. The enzyme lipoprotein lipase(脂肪酶 ), a chemical in the body, which controls how much fat is stored in fat cell, may become more active in some overweight people after they have lost weight. That would make the body more efficient at fat storage exactly what the dieter doesnt want. And this chan
9、ge, like the drop in BMR, may be part of the reason dieters frequently regain their lost weight. F)My interest in the yo-yo problem began in 1982, when my colleagues Thomas Wadden and Albert Stunkard and I were experimenting with very-low-calorie diets 800 calories or fewer per day. We hoped that pa
10、tients in our clinic could lose large amounts of weight rapidly, then keep the weight loss with a behavior-modification program. G)We found, however, that some people lost weight rapidly, some slowly; some lost for a while and then stopped losing. One woman, Marie, began the program at 230 pounds, r
11、educed to 192 pounds, and then “hit a wall“, even though she stayed on her diet and walked two miles a day. Marie, like many others in our program, had been a yo-yo dieter, and they tended to have the most difficulty in losing weight. H)To see if such dieting could really change the body this way, o
12、ther researchers and I began to study weight changes in animals. We fed a group of rats a high-fat diet until they became obese. Then we changed their diets repeatedly to make them lose weight, regain, lose again and regain again. I)The results were surprising. The first time the rats lost weight, i
13、t took 21 days for them to go from obese to normal weight. On their second diet, it took 46 days, even though the rats consumed exactly as many calories. J)With each yo-yo, it became easier for the rats to regain. After the first diet, they took 46 days to become obese again; after the second diet,
14、they took only 14 days. In other words on the second yo-yo cycle, it took more than twice as long to lose weight, and only one-third as long to regain it. K)Surprised, our group contacted Harvard surgeon George Blackburn, a pioneer in the use of very-low-calorie diets. Blackburn and his colleagues r
15、eviewed the records of 140 dieters who had been through their weight-control clinic, had lost weight and regained it and had returned for a second try. The records showed the dieters had lost an average of 2.3 pounds a week the first time, but only 1.3 pounds a week the second time. L)Four years ago
16、 we began the Weight Cycling Project, a major study that includes some of the country s leading obesity researchers. We know that people who lose weight by dieting only and without an exercise program can lose a considerable amount of muscle. But then, if they gain weight back, they may regain less
17、muscle and more fat. While the reason isnt clear, it may be easier for the body to put fat on than to rebuild lost muscle. Were asking if yo-yo dieters may lose fat from one part of the body and regain it elsewhere. For instance, according to our preparatory studies in animals, they could move fat t
18、o the abdomen. And research shows that abdominal fat raises the risk of heart disease and diabetes more than fat around the hips and thighs does. M)None of this means that dieting is ineffective or foolish. For those who are 20 percent or more overweight, there are good reasons to reduce: successful
19、 weight loss can lower blood pressure and cholesterol, help control blood sugar in diabetics and enable people to feel better about themselves. But the new research does suggest that dieting must be taken seriously by people at any weight. N)It also means that dieting alone is not the best way to we
20、ight control. When a weight-loss program includes exercise, you lose more fat and less muscle, and youre not likely to gain the weight back. Thats because exercise may help resist the physiological changes that tend to come from yo-yo dieting. O)Given the potential risks of yo-yo dieting, anyone who
21、 diets should be especially careful not to gain the weight back. Before you diet, ask yourself how determined you are; then set reasonable goals. P)Permanent weight loss should be the main goal, so select a program that will help you change your life-style. Be careful of popular diet programs design
22、ed for rapid weight loss and filled with senseless tricks, such as going on and off a diet, eating “magic“ foods and so on. A program should focus on sensible changes in nutrition and life-style. The best approach is a low-fat, high-complex-carbohydrate diet and regular physical exercise. Q)To avoid
23、 failing in the diet, recognize and plan for high-risk situations. If you always overeat when you visit your parents, for example, figure out how to get around that before your next visit. Understand that desires for chocolate, say are like waves that come up, will quickly subside. When the desire c
24、omes, get busy with a simple activityreading or even brushing your teeth. 1 People who lose weight only by dieting will regain more fat and less muscle if they gain weight back. 2 Sometimes, after losing some weight, we regain it, and we simply go on a diet again. 3 With each yo-yo, the time for the
25、 rats to regain became shorter and shorter. 4 If you want to lose weight, you d better change your life-style permanently. 5 If you want to succeed in your diet, you should recognize and make a plan for some high-risk situations. 6 Yo-yo dieters, like Maire, tend to be more difficult in losing weigh
26、t. 7 BMR is a measure of the energy used for routine functions. 8 Exercise can help you lose more fat and less muscle, and it will be less likely for you to gain the weight back. 9 Reports in 1987 shows that men with up-and-down weight changes had twice the risk of heart disease compared with those
27、with a small changes in weight. 10 The new research does mean that people should take seriously with dieting whatever their weights are. 10 Parents Homework: Find Perfect Teachers for Kids A)Tomi Hall did what she could to lobby for the best teachers for her two children, making her case this spring
28、 in letters to the principal. Then all she could do was waiting for news of their classroom assignments and it s been torturing. The Aurora mom knows her efforts carry no guarantees. One year her son didnt get the teacher Hall had hoped for, and he struggled for months with one whose relaxed style c
29、ame across to him as uncaring. “Granted, I know its just kindergarten,“ said Hall, 39. “But. a teacher can make or break you.“ B)In the next few weeks, many families will rip open notification letters or go to school to see class lists posted on the front door. For parents accustomed to directing ne
30、arly every aspect of their childs early learning it can be difficult to have little voice in teacher selection a decision they view as critical. Some spend hours crafting the perfect letter or meet with the principal to make an argument. For their child s early learning, parents regard that teacher
31、is critical. C)Principals, meanwhile, struggle to create balanced classrooms while juggling(同时应付 )individual requests. They say they want input but find it increasingly necessary to discourage parents from asking for a specific teacher. Administrators dont want the selection process to be a populari
32、ty contest in part because what makes a teacher popular may have nothing to do with a particular child s educational needs. D)“Im bright enough to realize parents talk at soccer fields and baseball fields, but you have to realize your experience with Teacher A may be very different than someone else
33、s Teacher A,“ said Scott Meek, the new principal at Northbrook Junior High School who is making classroom assignments this summer for 600 students with the help of an office display board. He asks parents to focus their input on the student and his or her learning style and trust the school to make
34、the right match. E)Some students also recognize that certain teachers bring out the best in them. “I need one of those strict kinds of teachers,“ said Halls daughter Tori, 12, who is entering 7th grade. “When I get a not-so-strict teacher, I think they don t really care about me. I really don t want
35、 a bad teacher. Ill get lower grades.“ F)When Chaya Fish, 30, of West Rogers Park taught at a private school in New York, she said, it was obvious who the “in“ teachers were. She said she automatically joined them after the principal s son landed in her classroom. “It was ridiculous,“ said Fish. “Th
36、e other teacher was probably better than me. It was how you dressed, how you talked“ that often determined parental favor. G)Teachers said the most vocal parents often get their way so that all parties involved can avoid a difficult school year. But educators warn that parents who get what they wish
37、 for may be sorry afterward. “A lot of times when people orchestrate(精心安排 )who they think their child is best suited for, they find they made a mistake,“ said Mark Friedman, superintendent(督学 )for Libertyville Elementary School District 70. “I have many parents say later, I dont know why I did this.
38、 It isnt working out this year.“ Friedman said he assures parents their comments will be considered but never guarantees a specific teacher. In fact, he tells them that if they do request a teacher and later regret that choice, “you have no one to blame but yourself.“ H)Some parents said theyve lear
39、ned their lesson about trying to guess which teacher would be best. Jamie Thompson said she was initially concerned when her daughter was assigned to a strict lst-grade teacher. She was aware other parents had lobbied for a different person, who had a more casual style. “At the end, it turned out th
40、at the other class was asking, Why isnt my child learning that?“ said Thompson, 36, of Arlington Heights. “Thats why I dont want to interfere too much.“ I)Yet parents have different reasons for requesting classes, and some have nothing to do with the teacher, said Michelle Van Every, 36, of Deerfiel
41、d. She and other mothers once requested that their children not be placed in a classroom with a specific boy not because of him, but to avoid his mother, who had created problems in the past, she said. “We didnt want to cross paths with her,“ said Van Every, who added that the school complied with t
42、heir request. “We didnt want to have to volunteer with her at a class party.“ J)Each district follows its own procedure for teacher selection. Some begin as early as April or May, officials said. Many ask parents to complete a form about their child s strengths and weaknesses. Typically, teachers ha
43、ve some say in the process by deciding early on which students should be separated or kept together, on the basis of academics, personalities and learning styles. The principal draws up the final class lists, often after meeting with parents or reviewing special requests, officials said. K)Many scho
44、ol districts wait until the last minute to announce class assignments, usually about two weeks before the start-up of school. That s because they have come to expect a flood of phone calls within hours from parents who beg or demand to switch teachers. L)Other schools handle it differently. At Sawye
45、r Elementary School on Chicagos Southwest Side, the fall class assignments are handed out with the last report card the previous spring, said teacher Maureen “Moe“ Forte. Forte said she is aware of colleagues and members of the Local School Council who have asked that their children be moved from on
46、e class into another. “Its not fair,“ Forte said. “I was very upset that one of the LSC parents moved her daughter to my classroom.The parent just felt my personality fit better with her child. And it s not a personality contest.“ M)Denita Ricci of Lake Villa said she knows parents who request certa
47、in classes but tries to stay out of the process. Her son, Mason Wubs, 12, hopes to be placed in the same class as his best friend, easing the transition to 7th grade at a new school. “I trust the schools judgment,“ she said, though she secretly hopes Mason will share a class with his friend. “I thin
48、k they need to learn to deal with people who are different from them, just like an employer.“ 11 Forte said, teaching at school is not a personality contest. 12 Teachers will decide early in the process of students separation or keeping together. 13 Denita Ricci tries to stay out of the process when
49、 her son hoped to stay in the same class with his best friend. 14 Chaya Fish said, sometimes the way to decide the popular teacher was ridiculous. 15 Michelle Van Every said, some parents reasons for requesting classes have nothing to do with the teachers. 16 Many school districts don t announce class assignments until the last minute. 17 Scott Meek said, different people have different ideas about who is the best teacher. 18 Jamie Thompson was initially concerned with her daughter, but she didnt want to interfere
