1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 190及答案与解析 Section A 0 It is common for new students to share a room with other university students. The number of roommates will depend upon the university, but will【 C1】 _anywhere from one to three. The most【 C2】 _setting is for two students to share one room. The room will have
2、beds, desks, closets and storage compartments(drawers)for personal items. The【 C3】 _will be plain but adequate. A key to【 C4】 _in your studies is a good understanding and a positive relationship with your roommate. You will need to learn your roommates【 C5】_and activities in order to have a positive
3、 experience from the beginning. Your roommate may become your close friend or you may not spend much time together. It all【 C6】 _on you and your roommate. Respect your roommates possessions and privacy and ask your roommate to do the same for you. Some roommates are very【 C7】 _and some are not. A go
4、od rule to go by is “If you value something, keep it out of sight and under lock and key.“ This will keep your roommate from being【 C8】_to take something that belongs to you. If you discover that your schedule and your roommates schedule【 C9】 _and you have little time to study, you will find the lib
5、rary a nice quiet place to get away and study. Some【 C10】 _are not very quiet and if you need a quiet place to study, you may need to go to the library. A intimate B. tempted C. success D. furnishings E. conflict F. loyal G. dormitories H. succeeds I. gracefully J. common K. depends L. schedule M. r
6、ange N. discharged O. trustworthy 1 【 C1】 2 【 C2】 3 【 C3】 4 【 C4】 5 【 C5】 6 【 C6】 7 【 C7】 8 【 C8】 9 【 C9】 10 【 C10】 Section B 10 GPS A)The Global Positioning System is a space-based triangulation system using satellites and computers to measure positions anywhere on earth. It is first and foremost a
7、 defense system developed by the United States Department of Defense, and is referred to as the “Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System“ or NAVSTAR GPS. The uniqueness of this navigational system is that it avoids the limitations of other land-based systems such as limited
8、 geographic coverage, lack of continuous 24-hour coverage, and the limited accuracies of other related navigational instruments. The high accuracies obtainable with the Global Positioning System also make it a precision survey instrument. GPS Components: the Space Segment, the Control Segment, and t
9、he User Segment. B)The Space Segment of the system consists of the GPS satellites. These space vehicles(SVs)send radio signals from space. The GPS Operational Constellation consists of 24 satellites that orbit the earth in 12 hours. There are often more than 24 operational satellites as new ones are
10、 launched to replace older satellites. The satellite orbits repeat almost the same ground track(as the earth turns beneath them)once each day. The orbit altitude is such that the satellites repeat the same track and area over any point approximately each 24 hours(4 minutes earlier each day). There a
11、re six orbital planes(with four SVs in each), equally spaced(60 degrees apart), and inclined at about fifty-five degrees with respect to the equatorial(赤道的 )plane. This constellation provides the user with between five and eight SVs visible from any point on the earth. C)The Control Segment consists
12、 of a system of tracking stations located around the world. The Master Control facility is located at Schriever Air Force Base(formerly Falcon AFB)in Colorado. These monitor stations measure signals from the SVs which are incorporated into orbital models for each satellites. The models compute preci
13、se orbital data and SV clock corrections for each satellite. The Master Control station uploads orbital data and clock data to the SVs. The SVs then send subsets of the orbital ephemeris(星历表 )data to GPS receivers over radio signals. D)The GPS User Segment consists of the GPS receivers and the user
14、community. GPS receivers change SV signals into position, speed, and time estimates Four satellites are required to compute the four dimensions of X, Y, Z(position)and Time. GPS receivers are used for navigation, positioning, time distribution, and other research. Navigation in three dimensions is t
15、he primary function of GPS. Navigation receivers are made for aircraft, ships, ground vehicles, and for hand carrying by individuals. Precise positioning is possible using GPS receivers at reference locations providing corrections and relative positioning data for remote receivers. Surveying, geodet
16、ic control, and plate tectonic studies are examples. E)Time and frequency distribution, based on the precise clocks on board the SVs and controlled by the monitor stations, is another use for GPS. Astronomical observatories, telecommunications facilities, and laboratory standards can be set to preci
17、se time signals or controlled to accurate frequencies by special purpose GPS receivers. Research projects have used GPS signals to measure atmospheric parameters. F)At present the system consists of 24 satellites at an altitude of about 20,000 km having an orbital inclination of 55 degrees. The orbi
18、ts are almost circular and it takes 12 hours for a satellite to complete a pass around the Earth. GPS signals are broadcast from a cluster of 24 or more earth orbiting satellites. Because the GPS signals are derived from the atomic frequency standards on board each satellite, they are widely used as
19、 a reference for time synchronization and frequency adjustment. The real time positioning accuracy of a single receiver is normally up to 100 meters horizontally and 150 meters vertically. However, various methods have been developed which enable much higher accuracy(centimeter level). G)There are a
20、 variety of different types of GPS receivers on the market for commercial and public use. Prices range from $500 to $30,000, reflecting the accuracy and capabilities of the instruments. For the general outdoorsman, a good GPS receiver should have 8 satellite tracking capability and be capable of rec
21、eiving the GPS satellite signals through forest covering in northern Ontario shield area; for the professional user, a minimum 8 satellite tracking capability, high memory capacity, differential GPS capability, and resistance to signal weakening under forest covering is essential; for the profession
22、al surveyor requiring high level precision and accuracy capability, they should assess the project or application for which the technology is to be used with the help of an unbiased consultant, in order to determine the most cost effective and appropriate instrument. H)Small hand held navigational u
23、nits at relatively low cost allow boaters and hikers to know their position within a few hundred meters. This accuracy is sufficient for recreational use. A hand held or similar mapping unit at mid-range price that is linked to a fixed broadcast base station. These units allow utility companies, mun
24、icipalities and others to locate various items(telephone poles, waterlines, valves)with a positional tolerance of several meters. This is suitable for some Geographical Information Systems(GIS)mapping purposes. I)GPS technology offers numerous benefits to law enforcement agencies of all types. For s
25、ome agencies, the navigational capabilities offered by GPS enhance efficiency and safety. These navigational applications can be used to support a variety of policing and criminal justice functions. Other agencies use GPS positioning technologies to carry out special operations or to provide enhance
26、d personnel safety. For example, using computerized maps of their rights given by law, cooperated with GPS, aviation personnel can determine location, speed and time. J)The positioning capabilities offered by GPS may also contribute to the success of specialized law enforcement operations such as in
27、 controlling vehicles. One such program operated in Minneapolis led to a 60% reduction in auto theft after only one month. The automatic vehicle location systems can not only provide efficiency of response and help ensure officer safety, but also provide officer with accurate information concerning
28、the best response route to an incident. Whats more, they can provide officers information that allows the closest patrol officers to be dispatched to a particular incident. K)Advanced Transportation Management Systems(ATMS)are heavily dependant upon GPS technology to provide data about the road syst
29、em. GPS allows for law enforcement personnel to clear roadway blockages to ensure the safety of motorist. Most people associate law enforcement with the prevention, reduction, and prosecution of criminal activity. In fact, a large portion of local law enforcement resources are involved in facilitati
30、ng the movement of people and vehicles in a safe manner. In conclusion, large-volume commercial applications such as cellular phones, personal communication systems, and in-vehicle navigation systems will fuel continued development of these technologies. What was ultimately the domain of the Departm
31、ent of Defense is rapidly becoming available for business, private, and general government use. Policing and public safety in general, will benefit from these market forces. It is clear that there are a number of GPS applications for policing. 11 For recreational use, the accuracy of a hand held GPS
32、 unit at relatively low price is good enough. 12 With the help of GPS, aviation personnel can determine location, speed and time. 13 The primary function of GPS is navigation in three dimensions. 14 Limited geographic coverage, lack of continuous 24-hour coverage, and the limited accuracies are the
33、disadvantages of other navigational instruments. 15 The prices of various GPS receivers are determined by their accuracy and capabilities. 16 The Space Segment of GPS consists of many GPS satellites, which send radio signals from space. 17 Many transportation management systems depend heavily on GPS
34、 technology, which helps to clear roadway blockages. 18 Thanks to the GPS system, the auto theft rate in Minneapolis had been reduced by sixty percent in the first month. 19 As GPS can be used for time and frequency distribution, many research projects have used it to measure atmospheric parameters.
35、 20 The highest positioning accuracy of a receiver can now reach centimeter-level. Section C 20 Costly sometimes abusive credit cards are bleeding millions of borrowers who didnt know what they were getting into. The bottom-feeding cards for people with damaged credit offer you a decent interest rat
36、e on credit lines “up to“ $3,000. When the card arrives, however, your line might be only $250. And then come the fees! Theyre charged to your tiny credit line, leaving you almost nothing to spend. Two better-known card issuers with a big loan business are Capital One and HSBCs Orchard Bank. They ch
37、arge lower upfront fees than other cards do. But if you fall behind, its tough. Cap Ones penalty rate is currently 28.15 percent. Orchard Bank doesnt disclose its penalty rate online and wouldnt tell you what it is. Cap One has a reputation for issuing multiple cards to people who bump up against th
38、eir credit limits. That gives them two cards, with two low limits, to overspend. Lenders have figured out many ways of extracting fees. Theres “universal default“, where a late payment on one card can trigger high penalty rates on every card you own. Theres the “endless late fee“, where your payment
39、s never catch up with the new penalties youre charged. Theres “two-cycle billing“ too complicated to explain here, but which amounts to charging interest on balances that youve already paid. And “retroactive(追溯的 )price hikes,“ where banks impose higher rates on old balances as well as new ones. Thes
40、e practices startle consumers who think such high fees and interest rates must be against the law. But the Supreme Court effectively deregulated credit card rates 30 years ago, and 10 years ago it deregulated the size of the fees a bank could charge. Prior to fee deregulation, late fees hovered betw
41、een $13 and $15, says Robert McKinley of CardW, which tracks the business. Now they run from $30 to $40. “Its out of control,“ he says. “Banks know theyve pushed this too far.“ This year, however, the new Congress started holding hearings. Suddenly Citi dropped universal default and JPMorgan Chase e
42、nded two-cycle billing. But those are just gestures. Without fee caps or laws restricting the usually high rate of interest, were in the bankers hands. 21 The bottom-feeding cards are issued to people who _. （ A） has a low income （ B） expects a low interest rate （ C） has a bad reputation in repaymen
43、t （ D） is thoughtless when using credit cards 22 What does the author think about the “multiple cards“ practice of Cap One? （ A） The bank may have more bad debts. （ B） The bank may become more popular. （ C） Borrowers may have their credit limits increased. （ D） Borrowers may fall into a multiple-pen
44、alty trap. 23 What do consumers never expect, according to the passage? （ A） The higher rates now can affect balances in the past. （ B） Lenders can figure out so many ways to extract fees. （ C） They can borrow from the banks easily. （ D） They have to pay both fees and interest 24 The word “deregulat
45、e“(Line 2, Para. 5)can best be replaced by _. （ A） impose rules on （ B） lift the control on （ C） rule against （ D） specify 25 According to the author, what Citi and JPMorgan Chase did showed that they were _. （ A） reflective （ B） irresponsible （ C） insincere （ D） compromising 25 How does food affect
46、 mood and mind? The answer may he in the chemistry of the brain and nervous system. Molecules called neurotransmitters(神经传递素 )are chemical messengers. They carry a nerve impulse across the gap between nerve cells. The release of neurotransmitter molecules from one neuron and their attachment to rece
47、ptor sites on another keep a nerve impulse moving. Nerve impulses carry messages from the environment to the brain, for example, the pain you feel when you stub(踢碰 )your toe. They also carry messages in the other direction, from the brain to the muscles. Thats why you back away from the obstacle tha
48、t initiated the pain signal and exclaim, “Ouch!“ “Many neurotransmitters are built from the foods we eat,“ says neuroscientist Eric Chudler of the University of Washington. Too little or too much of a particular nutrient in the diet can affect their production, Chudler says. For example, tryptophan
49、from foods such as yogurt, milk, bananas, and eggs is required for the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Phenylalanine from beets, almonds, eggs, meat, and grains goes into making the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dozens of neurotransmitters are known; hundreds may exist. Their effects depend on their amounts and where they work in the brain. The neurotransmitter serotonin, for example, is thought to produce feelings of calmness, relaxation, and contentment. Drugs that prevent it from
