1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 199及答案与解析 Section A 0 Lamar Odom, the star forward in the NBA, is known for his outsized love of candy, sometimes eating【 C1】 _bags of chocolate and jelly beans on game day. Last week, a doctor and NBA fan wrote an essay【 C2】 _Odoms sweet tooth to his inconstant and sometimes slow
2、 play. Odom countered that, if anything, the【 C3】_sugar helps his performance. But what do studies have to say? According to research, candy before exercise can【 C4】 _performance, but only to a point. Studies have shown, for example, that when athletes eat a 180-calorie candy bar and then ride a bik
3、e for an hour rushing for the final 15 minutes they【 C5】 _better than on days when they drink only beforehand. But on days when the【 C6】 _eat a solid meal a few hours earlier and then have sugar before riding, they do better than on just the sugar alone. Candy can be as【 C7】 _as healthier options li
4、ke fruit, and because people【 C8】 _release little insulin(胰岛素 )during exercise, crashing is unlikely, said Nancy Clark, a sports nutritionist. But candy lacks nutrients that are critical to things like bone strength and post-exercise【 C9】 _. For best results, pre-exercise meals should combine protei
5、n and easily digestible carbohydrates. Sugar can work as quick【 C10】 _for exercise, but nutrient-rich foods are better. A)excessive B)efficient C)rally D)perform E)fuel F)boasting G)coarsely H)entire I)enhance J)typically K)hazard L)subjects M)lodges N)linking O)recovery 1 【 C1】 2 【 C2】 3 【 C3】 4 【
6、C4】 5 【 C5】 6 【 C6】 7 【 C7】 8 【 C8】 9 【 C9】 10 【 C10】 Section B 10 Keep Our Seas Clean A)By the year 2050 it is estimated that the worlds population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60 km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities requ
7、ired to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters costs the global e-conomy US $12.8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each
8、year. B)One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea, and in addition to the gross visible short-term impacts, severe long-term problems can also result. In the case of the Exxon Valdez
9、 which ran onto a shore in Alaska in 1989, biological impacts from the oil spill can still be identified 15 years after the event The Prestige which sank off the Spanish coast late in 2002, resulted in huge economic losses as it polluted more than 100 beaches in France and Spain and effectively dest
10、royed the local fishing industry. C)Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources, including do
11、mestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages from waste tips, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges. Land based sources are estimated to ac
12、count for around 44 percent of the pollutants entering the sea and atmospheric inputs account for an estimated 33 percent. By contrast, transport on the sea accounts for 12 percent. D)The impacts of pollution vary. Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and
13、 possibly dangerous “blooms“ of algae(藻类 )in coastal waters. As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water. This has led, in some areas, to “creeping dead zones“(CDZ), where oxygen dissolved in the water falls to levels unable to sustain marine life. Industrial pollution also con
14、tributes to these dead zones. E)Radioactive(放射性的 )pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations, but by far the single biggest sources of man-made radioactive elements in the sea are the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at La Hague in France and at Sellafield in
15、 the UK Waste released from them has resulted in the widespread pollution of living marine resources over a wide area; radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast. F)Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing
16、 industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some seafoods unfit for human consumption. The contribution of human activities can be very significant: the amount of mercury introduced to the environment by industrial activities is around four times the amount released thr
17、ough natural processes such as weathering and erosion(腐蚀 ). G)The input of man-made chemicals to the oceans potentially involves an overwhelming number of different substances. 63,000 different chemicals are thought to be in use worldwide with 3,000 accounting for 90 percent of the total production
18、amount. Each year, anywhere up to 1,000 new synthetic chemicals may be brought onto the market. Of all these chemicals some 4,500 fall into the most serious category. These are known as persistent organic pollutants(POPs). Theyre resistant to breakdown and have the potential to accumulate in the tis
19、sues of living organisms(all marine life), causing hormone disruption which can, in turn, cause reproductive problems, induce cancer, suppress the immune system and interfere with normal mental development in children. H)POPs can also be transported long distances in the atmosphere and deposited in
20、cold regions. As a result, Inuit populations who live in the Arctic a long distance from the sources of these pollutants are among the most severely influenced people on the planet, since they rely on fat-rich marine food sources such as fish and seals. POPs are also thought to be responsible for so
21、me polar bear populations failing to reproduce normally. Scarily, seafoods consumed by people living in warm and mild regions are also affected by POPs. Oily fish tend to accumulate POPs in their bodies and these can be passed to human consumers. When oily fish are rendered down into fish meal and f
22、ish oils and subsequently used to feed other animals, then this too can act as a pathway to humans. Farmed fish and shellfish, dairy cattle, poultry and pigs are all fed fish meal in certain countries, and so meat and dairy products as well as farmed and wild fish can act as further sources of these
23、 chemicals to humans. I)The North and Baltic Seas also contain some of the worlds busiest shipping lanes. 200,000 ships cross the North Sea every year. Many goods transported by ships are hazardous(half the goods carried at sea can be described as dangerous)and loss of dangerous cargoes can result i
24、n damage to the marine environment. Chemical tank washings, discharge of oily wastes and wash waters are all significant sources of marine pollution. J)In addition there is always the risk of a major oil spill, a risk made worse by the fact that some of the tankers that routinely travel through stil
25、l have only one body-frame or have other technical defects and crews who are poorly educated. In November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker went down off the coast of Spain with 70,000 tons of oil on board which polluted 2,890 km of coastline. A few days earlier it had been crossing the Baltic. K)Some s
26、ources of pollution have been brought under control by international legislation. Countries which signed the London Convention have agreed to stop the dumping of radioactive and industrial waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention regulates marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region while countries
27、 which signed the Stockholm Convention have committed themselves to the phase out of a number of persistent organic pollutants. Within the European Community, the Water Framework Directive may be expected to bring further reductions in polluting inputs, although it will be over a very long time fram
28、e. The additional benefit of the new EU REACH(Registration Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals)initiative, which aims to regulate the production and use of dangerous chemicals at source, remains to be seen. 11 The regulation of marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region is based on the
29、 OSPAR Convention. 12 The fact that some tankers still have only one body-frame or have other technical defects making bigger possibility of oil spill. 13 About one-third of the pollutants entering the sea come from atmospheric inputs. 14 The overgrow of algae will result in oxygen shortage in the w
30、ater, which led to “creeping dead zones“. 15 In warm and mild regions, farmed fish and shellfish are also affected by POPs because they are fed fish meal. 16 As long as 2,890 km of coastline had been polluted by the oil spill of the Prestige oil tanker. 17 Oil pollution caused by tanker accidents an
31、d tank washing at sea is considered as the most visible and familiar marine pollution. 18 Half of the goods transported by ships can be classified as dangerous cargoes. 19 The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by radioactive elements. 20 Hormone disruption in marine life is the result of accumu
32、lation of POPs. Section C 20 For thousands of years, people thought of glass as something beautiful to look at. Only recently have they come to think of it as something to look through. Stores display their goods in large glass windows. Glass bottles and jars that hold food and drink allow us to see
33、 the contents. Glass is used to make eyeglasses, microscopes, telescopes, and many other extremely useful and necessary objects. Until the Second World War, most of the glass used for optical instruments was imported from Europe. However, during the war Americans could not get European glass, and th
34、ey were forced to make their own. As a result, new kinds of glasses were developed that had been previously unknown. These new effects were achieved by mixing other chemical elements with the sand. Some of these new glasses are very strong and can resist many kinds of shocks. Legend has it that a ve
35、ry hard glass was invented by a Roman who showed his discovery to the Emperor. When the Emperor saw the glass he feared that it would become more valuable than gold and silver, making his treasure worthless. Therefore, he had the glassmaker killed, and the secret was not discovered again for hundred
36、s of years. In the present century, safety glass was invented for use in modern cars and planes. Safety glass is made by placing a layer of plastic between two layers of plate glass. When the outside layer of glass is broken, the pieces do not scatter and injure people. Some glass of this type is st
37、rong enough to resist bullets. Although in recent years plastics have replaced glass under conditions where glass might be easily broken, there are new uses being developed, for the greatest advantage of glass is that its component parts are inexpensive and can be found all over the world. 21 With t
38、he passage of time, glass _. （ A） is regarded as transparent （ B） is no longer seen as decoration （ C） is used to make things look pleasant （ D） is widely used to replace steel in making containers 22 Why did Americans make their own glass during the Second World War? （ A） The war blocked the way of
39、 glass import. （ B） They refused to use the European glass. （ C） The glass made in Europe was out of date. （ D） They were able to make a new kind of glass. 23 By telling the legend, the author wants to _. （ A） prove that the Roman was the first inventor of hard glass （ B） support that the Americans
40、were as clever as the Romans （ C） give some interesting information about hard glass （ D） provide a historical event concerned with hard glass 24 All of the following concerning the safety glass are discussed in the text EXCEPT _. （ A） its uses （ B） its strength （ C） its structure （ D） its limitatio
41、ns 25 New uses of glass are being developed on the ground that _. （ A） glass is not as safe as plastics （ B） glass is not as strong and durable as plastics （ C） glass is easily obtainable and inexpensive （ D） glass is more and more widely used 25 The Eskimos have developed a capacity to live peacefu
42、lly with one another. They have not had a strict system of landownership, one of the universal causes of conflict. They have evolved a system of food-sharing among families that makes the preservation of life possible. The absolute necessity of creating this safeguard against starvation has strength
43、ened bonds between neighbors. Almost every traveler has noted the Eskimos friendliness and good humor toward strangers and among themselves. In a country where agriculture is impossible they have been forced to spend their energies in food-gathering rather than warfare. If one family disagreed with
44、another, the usual solution was for that family to pick up its few possessions and go elsewhere. In the vast unused land, moving presented almost no problem. The practice of infanticide, and suicide among the old people, seems to have been a factor of survival in times of food scarcity. The size of
45、the family was controlled to some extent by the ability of the father as a hunter and by the abundance of game(猎物 )in the area. Marriage was a very serious and lifelong bond among Eskimos; in order to choose a permanent and compatible mate a number of trial marriages were permitted, each lasting per
46、haps half a year. During the trial period a couple usually lived with the girls parents and the young man hunted exclusively for his future father-in-law. If a child was born as a result of an unsuccessful trial marriage it was adopted by relatives or friends. Children are often given out for adopti
47、on in the Eskimos society and are eagerly adopted by other families, for the Eskimos camp and nomad(游牧民族的 )group represent a kind of extended family. Polygamy(一夫多妻制 )was occasionally practiced by the most successful hunters, but usually to protect a widow or a girl who had lost her father. 26 The Es
48、kimos live peacefully with one another because of_. （ A） their system of landownership （ B） their system of food-sharing （ C） the development of agriculture （ D） their love for moving 27 The authors attitude to infanticide can be best described as _. （ A） critical （ B） horrified （ C） understanding （
49、 D） favorable 28 Which of the following is true of an Eskimo family? （ A） The more successful a hunter was, the bigger his family would be. （ B） The more successful a hunter was, the more wives he would marry. （ C） The more successful a hunter was, the more probable he would marry a widow. （ D） The more successful a hunter was, the more probable his wife was a fatherless girl. 29 It can be inferred about the Eskimo marriage that _. （ A） trial marriage was permitted only once in ones lifetime （ B） y
