1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 26及答案与解析 Section B 0 Identity Theft A)Identity theft and identity fraud are terms used to refer to all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person s personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain. B)The number
2、s associated with identity theft are beginning to add up fast these days. A recent General Accounting Office report estimates that as many as 750,000 Americans are victims of identity theft every year. And that number may be low, as many people choose not to report the crime even if they know they h
3、ave been victimized. C)Identity theft is “an absolute epidemic“, states Robert Ellis Smith, a respected author and advocate of privacy, “Its certainly picked up in the last four or five years. Its worldwide. It affects everybody, and theres very little you can do to prevent it and, worst of all, you
4、 can t detect it until it s probably too late.“ D)Unlike your fingerprints, which are unique to you and cannot be given to someone else for their use, your personal data, especially your social security number, your bank account or credit card number, your telephone calling card number, and other va
5、luable identifying data, can be used, if they fall into the wrong hands, to personally profit at your expense. In the United States and Canada, for example, many people have reported that unauthorized persons have taken funds out of their bank or financial accounts, or, in the worst cases, taken ove
6、r their identities altogether, running up vast debts and committing crimes while using the victims names. In many cases, a victim s losses may include not only out-of-pocket financial losses, but substantial additional financial costs associated with trying to restore his reputation in the community
7、 and correcting erroneous information for which the criminal is responsible. E)According to the FBI, identity theft is the number one fraud committed on the Internet. So how do job seekers protect themselves while continuing to circulate their resumes online? The key to a successful online job searc
8、h is learning to manage the risks. Here are some tips for staying safe while conducting a job search on the Internet. F)Check for a privacy policy. If you are considering posting your resume online, make sure the job search site you are considering has a privacy policy, like CareerB. The policy shou
9、ld spell out how your information will be used, stored and whether or not it will be shared. You may want to think twice about posting your resume on a site that automatically shares your information with others. You could be opening yourself up to unwanted calls from solicitors(推销员 ). When reviewin
10、g the site s privacy policy, youll be able to delete your resume just as easily as you posted it. You wont necessarily want your resume to remain out there on the Internet once you land a job. Remember, the longer your resume remains posted on a job board, the more exposure, both positive and not-so
11、-positive, it will receive. G)Take advantages of site features. Lawful job search sites offer levels of privacy protection. Before posting your resume, carefully consider your job search objectives and the level of risk you are willing to assume. CareerB, for example, offers three levels of privacy
12、from which job seekers can choose. The first is standard posting. This option gives job seekers who post their resumes the most visibility to the broadest employer audience possible. The second is anonymous(匿名的 )posting. This allows job seekers the same visibility as those in the standard posting ca
13、tegory without any of their contact information being displayed. Job seekers who wish to remain anonymous but want to share some other information may choose which pieces of contact information to display. The third is private posting. This option allows a job seeker to post a resume without having
14、it searched by employers. Private posting allows job seekers to quickly and easily apply for jobs that appear on CareerB without retyping their information. H)Safeguard your identity. Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to
15、conceal their identities. Replace your name on your resume with a generic(泛指的 )identifier, such as “Intranet Developer Candidate “, or “ Experienced Marketing Representative “. You should also consider eliminating the name and location of your current employer. Depending on your title, it may not be
16、 all that difficult to determine who you are once the name of your company is provided. Use a general description of the company such as “Major auto manufacturer,“ or “International packaged goods supplier.“ If your job title is unique, consider using the generic equivalent instead of the exact titl
17、e assigned by your employer. I)Establish an email address for your search. Another way to protect your privacy while seeking employment online is to open up an email account specifically for your online job search. This will safeguard your existing email box in the event someone you dont know gets h
18、old of your email address and shares it with others. Using an email address specifically for your job search also eliminates the possibility that you will receive unwelcome emails in your primary mailbox. When naming your new email address, be sure that it doesn t contain references to your name or
19、other information that will give away your identity. The best solution is an email address that is relevant to the job you are seeking such as salesmgr2QQ. J)Protect your references. If your resume contains a section with the names and contact information of your references, take it out. There s no
20、sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact information of your references. K)Keep confidential(机密的 )information confidential. Do not, under any circumstances, share your social security, drivers license, and bank account numbers or other personal information, such as race o
21、r eye color. Honest employers do not need this information with an initial application. Dont provide this even if they say they need it in order to conduct a background check. This is one of the oldest tricks in the book dont fall for it. 1 In order to restore their reputation, victims of identity t
22、heft may suffer additional financial losses. 2 Job seekers are advised to describe the company they are serving at the time in a general way but not giving an exact name. 3 Learn how to avoid the risks, if one hopes, to seek jobs online safely. 4 Job seekers who want to share part of their informati
23、on while remain anonymous may choose which pieces of contact information to display. 5 The number 750,000 is not exact, people who become victims of identity theft each year may be more than it. 6 Identity theft is spreading around the world and difficult to detect. 7 A safer way to search a job onl
24、ine is use your email account. 8 Make sure your email address wont be named in a way that could let out your personal information. 9 Resumes posted online for a long time will increase the risk of becoming victims of identity theft. 10 Honest employers wont ask their initial job applicants to reveal
25、 their social security account or bank account numbers. 10 Who Lives? Who Dies? Who Decides? A)Some have called it a Right to Die case. Others have labeled it a Right to Live case. One group of advocates has called for “death with dignity.“ Others have responded accusingly, “euthanasia“. B)At the ce
26、nter of the latest controversy about life and death, medicine and law, is a seventy-eight-year-old Massachusetts man whose existence hangs on a court order. C)On one point, everyone agrees: Earle Spring is not the man he used to be. Once a strapping outdoorsman, he is now called senile by many, and
27、mentally incompetent by the courts. He is, at worst, a member of living dead; at best, a shriveled version of his former self. D)For more than two years, since his physical and then mental health began to deteriorate , Earle Spring has been kept alive by spending five hours on a kidney dialysis mach
28、ine three times a week. Since January 1979, his family has pleaded to have him removed from the life-support system. E)They believe deeply that he Earle Spring who was would not want to live as the Earle Spring who is. They believe they are advocates for the right to die in peace. F)In the beginning
29、, the court agrees. Possibly for the first time, they reeled last month in favor of withdrawing medical care from an elderly patient whose mind had deteriorated. The dialysis was stopped. G)But then, in a sudden intervention, an outside nurse and doctor visited Earle Spring and testified that he was
30、 alert enough to “make a weak expression of his desire to live.“ And so the treatments were resumed. H)Now, while the courts are waiting for new and more thorough evidence about Spring s mental state, the controversy rages about legal procedures; no judge ever visited Spring, no psychiatrist ever te
31、stified. And even more important, we are again forced to determine one person s right to die or to live. I)This case makes the Karen Ann Quinlan story seem simple in comparison. Quinlan today hangs onto her “life“ long after her “plug was pulled.“ But when the New Jersey court heard that case, Quinl
32、an had no will. She had suffered brain death by any definition. J)The Spring story is different. He is neither competent nor comatose. He lives in a gray area of consciousness. So the questions also range over the gray area of our consciences. K)What should the relationship be between mental and phy
33、sical treatment? Should we treat the incompetent as aggressively as the competent? Should we order heart surgery for one senile citizen? Should we take another off a kidney machine? Who is to decide? L)Until recently, we didnt have the technology to keep Earle Spring alive. Until recently, the-life-
34、and-death decisions about the senile elderly or the retarded or the institutionalized were made privately between families and medical people. Now, increasingly, in States like Massachusetts, they are made publicly and legally. M)Clearly there are no absolutes in this case. No right to die. No right
35、 to live. We have to take into account many social as well as medical factors. How much of the resources of a society or a family should be allotted to a member who no longer recognizes it? How many sacrifices should the healthy and vital make for the terminally or permanently ill and disabled? N)In
36、 England, where kidney dialysis machines are scarce, Earle Spring would never have remained on one. In America, one Earle Spring can decimate the energy and income of an entire family. O)But the Spring case is a crucial, scary one that could affect all those living under that dubious sentence “incom
37、petent“ or that shaky diagnosis “senile“. So it seems to me that if there is any mental activity at all, then disconnecting him from life would be a dangerous precedent, far more dangerous than letting him continue. P)The court ruled originally in favor of taking Spring off the machine. It ruled tha
38、t this is what Earle Spring would have wanted. I have no doubt that his family believes it. I have no doubt of their affection or their pain. Q)But I remember, too, what my grandfather used to say: No one wants to live to be one hundred until you ask the man who is ninety-nine. Well, no one, includi
39、ng Earle Spring, wants to live to be senile. But once senile, he may well want to live. We simply have to give him the benefit of the doubt. Any doubt. 11 Earle Springs treatments were resumed due to his own desire to live. 12 Now, life-and-death decisions were not made between families and doctors
40、in Massachusetts. 13 Originally his family believes Spring wanted to take off the machine. 14 The dispute over life or death began because of the incident happened to an old Massachusetts man. 15 In my opinion, if the patients brain still works, terminating treatment would be more dangerous than let
41、ting him maintaining life. 16 Spring was the first one that the court agrees to withdraw medical care from an elderly, mentally incompetent patient. 17 Earle Spring depends on a kidney dialysis machine to sustain life. 18 In America, the medical care for Earle Spring can greatly consume the energy a
42、nd income of an entire family. 19 The story of Karen Ann Quinlan seems simple because of her brain death. 20 Social and medical factors should be taken into consideration when life-and-death decisions are made. 20 The Rise of the Sharing Economy A)Last night 40,000 people rented accommodation from a
43、 service that offers 250,000 rooms in 30,000 cities in 192 countries. They chose their rooms and paid for everything online. But their beds were provided by private individuals, rather than a hotel chain. Hosts and guests were matched up by Airbnb, a firm based in San Francisco. Since its launch in
44、2008 more than 4 million people have used it 2.5 million of them in 2012 alone. It is the most prominent example of a huge new “sharing economy“, in which people rent beds, cars, boats and other assets directly from each other, coordinated via the internet. B)You might think this is no different fro
45、m running a bed-and-breakfast. Owning a time share or participating in a car pool. But technology has reduced transaction costs, making sharing assets cheaper and easier than ever and therefore possible on a much larger scale. The big change is the availability of more data about people and things,
46、which allows physical assets to be divided and consumed as services. Before the internet, renting a surfboard, a power tool or a parking space from someone else was feasible, but was usually more trouble than it was worth. Now websites such as Airbnb, Relay Rides and Snap Goods match up owners and r
47、enters; smart phones with GPS let people see where the nearest rentable car is parked; social networks provide a way to check up on people and build trust; and online payment systems handle the billing. Whats mine is yours, for a fee C)Just as peer-to-peer businesses like eBay allow anyone to become
48、 a retailer, sharing sites let individuals act as an ad hoc(临时的 )taxi service, car-hire firm or boutique hotel(精品酒店 )as and when it suits them. Just go online or download an app. The model works for items that are expensive to buy and are widely owned by people who do not make full use of them. Bedr
49、ooms and cars are the most obvious examples, but you can also rent camping spaces in Sweden, fields in Australia and washing machines in France. As advocates of the sharing economy like to put it, access trumps(胜过 )ownership. D)Rachel Botsman, the author of a book on the subject, says the consumer peer-to-peer rental market alone is worth $26 billion. Broader definitions of the sharing economy include peer-to-peer lending or putting a solar panel on your roof and selling power hack to th
