1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 28及答案与解析 Section C 0 In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us. Studies
2、have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV(or a similar distraction)can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption. A new study suggested that our short-term memory
3、also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, peoples hunger levels were predicted not by how much theyd eaten but rather by how much food theyd seen in front of them, in other words, how much they remembered eating. This disparity(差异 )suggests the memory of our previous meal may hav
4、e a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol. “Hunger isnt controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory fo
5、r that meal,“ Brunstrom says. “This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought.“ These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our body s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people
6、 who drank the same 380-calorie(卡路里 )milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones(荷尔蒙 ), depending on whether the shakes label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they d consumed a
7、higher-calorie shake. What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating. The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight
8、 distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says. 1 What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake? （ A） How we perceive the food we eat. （ B） What ingredients the food contains. （ C） When we eat our meals. （ D） How fast we eat our meals. 2 What would happen at meal
9、 time if you remembered eating a lot in the previous meal? （ A） You would probably be more picky about food. （ B） You would not feel like eating the same food. （ C） You would have a good appetite. （ D） You would not feel so hungry. 3 What do we learn from the 2011 study? （ A） Food labels may mislead
10、 consumers in their purchases. （ B） Food labels may influence our body s response to food. （ C） Hunger levels depend on one s consumption of calories. （ D） People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary. 4 What does Brunstrom suggest we do to control our appetite? （ A） Trick ourselves int
11、o eating less. （ B） Choose food with fewer calories. （ C） Concentrate on food while eating. （ D） Pick dishes of the right size. 5 What is the main idea of the passage? （ A） Eating distractions often affect our food digestion. （ B） Psychological factors influence our hunger levels. （ C） Our food inta
12、ke is determined by our biological needs. （ D） Good eating habits will contribute to our health. 5 It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science, it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in adva
13、nce. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you dont, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits. The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confid
14、ent is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment(启蒙运动 )to be told by any of us how littl
15、e we know and how bewildering(迷惑 )seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation(对抗 )with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked
16、 or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; th
17、e hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted. But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probabl
18、y no questions we can think up that cant be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we cant think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to
19、 work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention. 6 We confronted with ignorance by_today. （ A） pretending to understand how things worked （ B） totally ignoring the problem （ C） exploring it in earnest （ D） simply making up stories to fill the gaps 7 Accordin
20、g to the passage, good science means_. （ A） something that will help people to make the right choice in advance （ B） producing results which cannot be foreseen （ C） bringing about disturbing results （ D） something surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment 8 The authors attitude
21、towards science is_. （ A） negative （ B） confident （ C） depressed （ D） doubtful 9 According to the passage, which one about scientists in earlier times is Not true? （ A） They invented stories to explain things they didn t understand. （ B） They falsely claimed to know how things worked. （ C） They did
22、not believe in results from scientific observation. （ D） They paid little attention to the problems they didnt understand. 10 The author believes that_. （ A） consciousness is not in the scope of scientific research （ B） sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature （ C） man ca
23、n t solve every problem he thinks up （ D） man will find solutions to any questions concerning nature he can think up 10 On average, American kids ages 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school, eight hours more than they did in 1981. They also did more household work and participated in more of such o
24、rganized activities as soccer and ballet(芭蕾舞 ). Involvement in sports, in particular, rose almost 50% from 1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log half that time. All in all, however, children s leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to 25%. “
25、Children are affected by the same time crunch(危机 )that affects their parents,“ says Sandra Hofferth, who headed the recent study of children s timetable. A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home.(Nevertheless, children in both double-income and “male breadwinner“ h
26、ouseholds spent comparable mounts of time interacting with their parents, 19 hours and 22 hours respectively. In contrast, children spent only 9 hours with their single mothers.) All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kids. “Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world a
27、nd learns about himself,“ says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School. Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with then-peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it. The children sampled spent
28、a quarter of their rapidly decreasing “free time“ watching television. But that, believe it or not, was one of the findings parents might regard as good news. If theyre spending less time in front of the TV set, however, kids arent replacing it with reading. Despite efforts to get kids more interest
29、ed in books, the children spent just over an hour a week reading. Let s face it, who s got the time? 11 According to T. Berry Brazelton, it s better for a child if_. （ A） he has plenty of time reading and studying （ B） he is free to interact with his working parents （ C） he has more time participati
30、ng in school activities （ D） he has enough time to play and explores the world 12 Which is NOT the situation American kids face today? （ A） Spending eight hours more time a week at school. （ B） Participating in more activities than the past. （ C） Having more time playing. （ D） Spending more time in
31、sports. 13 According to Sandra Hofferth, the main reason leading to “the same time crunch“ of children is that_. （ A） more mothers are working outside the home （ B） children don t have chance to play with their parents （ C） children are not taken good care of by their working parents （ D） parents ha
32、ve trouble in managing their time 14 Nowadays, the troublesome problem is American kids_. （ A） are increasingly neglected by their working mothers （ B） are involved less and less in household work （ C） are spending more and more time watching TV （ D） are engaged in lots of structured activities 15 W
33、e can infer from the passage that_. （ A） extracurricular activities promote children s intelligence （ B） most children will turn to reading with TV sets switched off （ C） efforts to get kids interested in reading have been fruitful （ D） stopping kids watching TV is not a way to let them read 15 Like
34、 most people, I ve long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, I was disappointed to see that it also decides how Im treated as a person. Last year I left a professional position as a small-tow
35、n reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve food to people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned(示意 )me back with his finger a minute
36、later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where Id been. I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon(勤杂工 )by plenty of people. But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently a
37、fter I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day Id be sitting at their table, waiting to be served. Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world
38、 worked-cordially. I soon found out differently, I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money
39、 was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me. My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry. Its no secret mat theres a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgo
40、tten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn t get the difference between server and servant. Im now applying to graduate school, which means someday Ill return to a profession where people need t
41、o be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think Ill take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them. 16 The author was disappointed to find that_. （ A） ones position is used as a gauge to measure ones intelligence （ B） talented people like her fail t
42、o get a respectable job （ C） one s occupation affects the way one is treated as a person （ D） professionals tend to look down upon manual workers 17 What does the example in the second paragraph imply? （ A） Waitresses are often treated by customers as casual acquaintances. （ B） Some customers simply
43、 show no respect to those who serve them. （ C） Some customers like to make loud complaints for no reason at all. （ D） People absorbed in a phone conversation tend to be absent-minded. 18 What does the author imply by saying “. many of my customers didnt get the difference between server and servant“
44、? （ A） Those who cater to others needs are destined to be looked down upon. （ B） The majority of customers tend to look on a servant as a server nowadays. （ C） Those working in the service industry shouldnt be treated as servants. （ D） Those serving others have to put up with rough treatment to earn
45、 a living. 19 How did the author feel when waiting tables at the age of 19? （ A） She felt badly hurt when her customers regarded her as a peon. （ B） She felt it unfair to be treated as a mere servant by professionals. （ C） She was embarrassed each time her customers joked with her. （ D） She found it
46、 natural for professionals to treat her as an inferior. 20 The purpose of taking his clients to dinner is to_. （ A） arouse their sympathy for people living a humble life （ B） see what kind of person they are （ C） show her generosity towards people inferior to her （ D） experience the feeling of being
47、 served 大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 28答案与解析 Section C 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 1 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 细节题。根据细节题的解题方法，先通过题干关键词 factor affecting ourappetite and food intake定位至 文章第一段 our appetite and food intake are influencedby 该句指出，我们的食欲和进食量除了受生理需求的影响外，还受其他因素的影响，包括饮食环境和对食物韵感知， A中的 perceive是perception的动词形式，表达了对食物的感知这一意思，故选 A，其他
48、选项均未提及，可排除。 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 2 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 推断题。由题干中的关键词 remembered eating定位到第三段Severalhours after a meal， peoples hunger levels were predicted nothow much theyremembered eating这句话指出饭后几小时，人们的饥饿水平不是由实际进食量决定的，而是由记得自己上一顿吃多少来决定的。由此可以推断，如果记得上一次吃得很多的话，就不会感到那么饿。故答案为 D。不难看出，推断题需要考生在原文的基础上，进行略微的推理，不要过于偏离原文。 【知
49、识模块】 仔细阅读 3 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 推断题。由 “2011”可直接定位至原文 第六段，该段首句指出，我们对事物的感知有时会欺骗我们的身体，接着例举了 2011年研究的例子。研究表明喝相同卡路里奶昔的人由于奶昔的标签上所标明的热量不同而产生不同的饥饿感。结合该段首句不难看出 B为正确答案，该题的干扰项为 A，食物标签影响的是消费者的饥饿感而非购买，故可排除。 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 4 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 细节题。根据题干中的人名： Brunstrom和关键词 control our appetite可定位至文章最后一段，最后一段指出 Brunstrom认为 mindful-eating这一策略。可以抵抗干扰，并有助于控制食欲，另外，由于此处为 the so-called mindful-eating 考生需定位到上一段才能看出 mindful-eating strategies具体指的是上文的 focusing on ourfood and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating C中 conce
