1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 79及答案与解析 Section B 0 The Reasonable Woman Standard A)Since the volatile mix of sex and harassment exploded under the Capitol dome, it hasnt just been senators scurrying for cover. The case of the professor and the judge has left a gender gap that looks more like a crater. B)We hav
2、e discovered that men and women see this issue differently. On the “Today“ show, Bryant Gumbel asks something about a man s right to have a pinup on the wall and Katie Couric says what she thinks of that. On the normally sober “MacNeil / Lehrer“ hour the usual panel of legal experts doesnt break dow
3、n between left and right but between male and female. C)On a hundred radio talk shows, women are sharing experiences and men are asking for proof. In ten thousand offices, the order of the day is the nervous joke. One boss asks his secretary if he can still say “good morning,“ or is that sexual hara
4、ssment. Heh, heh. The women arent laughing. D)Okay boys and girls, back to your corners. Can we talk? Can we hear? E)The good news is that women have stopped rolling their eyes at each other and started speaking out. The bad news is that we may each assume the other gender not only doesnt understand
5、 but cant understand. “They dont get it“ becomes “they cant get it.“ F)Lets start with the fact that sexual harassment is a concept as new as date rape. Date rape, that should-be oxymoron, assumes a different perspective on the part of the man and the woman. His date, her rape. Sexual harassment com
6、es with some of the same assumptions. What he labels sexual, she labels harassment. G)This produces what many men tend to darkly call a “murky“ area of the law. Murky, however, is a step in the right direction. When everything was clear, it was clearly biased. The old single standard was a male stan
7、dard. The only options a working woman had were to grin, bear it or quit. H)Sexual harassment rules are based on the point of view of the victim, nearly always a woman. The rules ask, nor just whether she has been physically assaulted, but whether the environment in which she works is intimidating o
8、r coercive, and whether she feels harassed. It says that her feelings matter. I)This, of course, raises all sorts of hackles about womens feelings, womens sensitivity. How can you judge the sensitivity level of every single woman you work with? What s a poor man to do? J)But the law isnt psychiatry.
9、 It doesnt adapt to individual sensitivity levels. There is a standard emerging by which the courts can judge these cases and by which people can judge them as well. Its called “the reasonable woman standard“. How would a reasonable woman interpret this? How would a reasonable woman behave? K)This i
10、s not an entirely new idea, although perhaps the laws belief in the reasonableness of women is. There has long been a “reasonable man“ in the law not to mention a “reasonable pilot“, a “reasonable innkeeper“, a “reasonable train operator“. L)Now the law is admitting that a reasonable woman may see t
11、hese situations differently from a man. That truth available in your senators mailbag is also apparent in research. We tend to see sexualized situations from our own genders perspective. Kim Lane Scheppele, a political science and law professor at the University of Michigan, summarizes the miscues t
12、his way: “Men see the sex first and miss the coercion. Women see the coercion and miss the sex.“ M)Does that mean that we are genetically doomed to our double vision? Scheppele is quick to say no. Our justice system rests on the belief that one person can get in anothers head, walk in her shoes, see
13、 things from another perspective. And so dose our hope for change. N)If a jury of car drivers can understand how a “reasonable pilot“ would see one situation, a jury of men can see how a reasonable woman would see another event. The crucial ingredient is empathy. O)Check it out in the office tomorro
14、w. Hes coming on, shes backing off, he keeps coming. Read the body language. There s a Playboy calendar on the wall and a PMS joke in the boardroom and the boss is just being friendly. How would a reasonable woman feel? P)At this moment, when the air is cracking with hostility and consciousness-rais
15、ing, has the hair sticking up on the back of many necks, guess what? Men can “get it“. Reasonable men. 1 Date rape means differently for men and women. 2 People can judge them by “the reasonable woman standard“. 3 Empathy plays a crucial role in understanding others. 4 Unfortunately, we think the op
16、posite sex doesn t understand and cant understand. 5 Under the old single male standard, women had to bear it or quit. 6 Our justice system rests on the belief that people can take another angle when dealing with problems. 7 Sexual harassment rules raise various hackles about women s feelings and wo
17、men s sensitivity. 8 The idea of “reasonable man“ has been long in the law. 9 According to Kim Lane Scheppele, both men and women just see one aspect while missing the other aspect of sexualized situations. 10 Sexual harassment rules lies on the viewpoint of the victim, as well as her feelings. 10 T
18、he Internet Advocate A)Contrary to the manner in which many legislators and news reports have depicted it, the Internet is an appropriate and useful information tool for children and young adults. Educators have realized this for years and worked diligently to create and promote increasing numbers o
19、f K-12(from Kindergarten to 12th grade)resources available on the Internet. Unfortunately, these innovative efforts do not receive the same widespread media coverage that reports of pornography on the Internet have garnered. B)Because many people who have never used the Internet may base their under
20、standing of the Net solely on the negative stories they have read in the popular press, or heard about on television, they may perceive the Internet as unsafe for children. Virginia Cooper, Youth Services Librarian at the Henrietta Public Library in Rochester, New York, encountered just such a react
21、ion when she informed some older adults that the library would soon offer Internet access. C)“Their response was: Oh, thats where all that pornography is. Obviously,“ Cooper notes, “we are going to have to convince a significant segment of the population that the Internet isn t all porn!“ D)In addit
22、ion to helping librarians and educators dispel the notion that the Net is filled with nothing but pom, this Resource Guide attempts to provide an introduction to the multitude of exciting ways young people are using the Internet in their schools and public libraries. These links are provided to give
23、 you an easily accessible, small taste of whats “out there.“They are not the best examples, just a few impressive applications which lead to hundreds more. Venture forth and explore! E)Some of Web pages designed for children and young adults have a two-fold purpose. In addition to serving as ready-r
24、eference tools and pointing out useful places to conduct research, these Web pages steer patrons and students to sites that teachers or librarians have determined to be appropriate for young users. However, because part of the value of the Internet stems from enabling children to learn how to effect
25、ively search for information and become discriminating information consumers, and because it is nearly impossible to restrict access within the infinite sphere of the Internet, most schools and public libraries offering Internet access to young people have adopted Acceptable Use Policies(AUPs)or Dis
26、claimers. These policies typically state that the Internet provider cannot review everything on the Internet and, thus, must require students or parents to use the Internet smartly and responsibly. F)Bill Sears, who has developed an online library for his students at the Mesa Verde High School in Sa
27、n Juan, California, explains: “The solution is to prepare ahead of time web pages that have screened sites. If students want to go beyond that they have made that choice and there is not much you can do about that except having them sign an acceptable use policy. Violation of that policy means they
28、hawing chosen to forgo the use of computers at your school.“ You have to find ways to make sure they don t violate the contract, he adds, “. but I dont think there is much of a problem if you have the respect from your students.“ G)Some schools and libraries have voluntarily devoted AUPs as one way
29、to educate young people and their parents about the Internet. Others may be compelled to issue AUPs as a measure of protection against parental complaints. In September 1995, the Indiana Department of Education required state schools providing Internet access to K-12 students to adopt state Guidelin
30、es for Acceptable Internet Use in order to receive financial assistance for their Internet access. H)While AUPs generally are considered the least restrictive method for supervising a young person s use of the Internet, blocking software is the most restrictive and usually least desirable. Yet, some
31、 schools and public libraries could be forced to consider installing such software as they seek a compromise between full Internet service to children and parental or community concerns about material on the Net that may be unsuitable for minors. I)The fifth section of this Resource Guide features o
32、rganizations dedicated to Freedom of Information issues and preservation of First Amendment fights on the Internet. These groups can help keep you up-to-date on legislation affecting the Internet, explain the ramifications of restricting and censoring Internet use, and support your rights and reason
33、s for enabling young people to access the Internet. In sum, theyll help you become a dedicated Internet Advocate. J)Become familiar with the multitude of valuable websites that have been developed by librarians and other educators to promote use of the Internet and understanding of how Internet acce
34、ss can enhance library services and the K-12 educational curriculum. 11 According to Acceptable Use Policies(AUPs)and Disclaimers, students and parents should take the responsibility for using the Internet. 12 Blocking software is the most restrictive method for supervising minors use of the Interne
35、t. 13 Reports on educators efforts are not as widespread as those of reports on pornography on the Internet. 14 Organizations introduced in the fifth section of the Resource Guide help to attract dedicated Internet Advocates. 15 For those who knowing little about the Internet, their understanding of
36、 the Net comes from the negative reports on newspapers or television. 16 Bill Sears thinks students wont violate the contract if they show their respect to you. 17 According to Cooper, we need to convince a lot of people that the Internet isnt all porn. 18 The Resource Guide introduces many exciting
37、 ways in which young people can use the Internet. 19 Some schools and libraries may use AUPs in order to protect against parental complaints. 20 Bill Sears encourages preparing web pages that have screened sites in advance. 20 A Loggers Lament A)My father was a logger. My husband is a logger. My son
38、s will not be loggers. Loggers are an endangered species, but the environmental groups, which so righteously protect endangered species in the animal kingdom, have no concern for their fellow human beings under siege. Loggers are a much misunderstood people, pictured as brutal rapists of our planet,
39、 out to denude it of trees and, as a result, of wildlife. B)It is time to set the record straight. Loggers take great pride in the old growth trees, the dinosaurs of the forests, and would be sorry to see them all cut. There are in the national forests in Washington and Oregon(not to mention other s
40、tates)approximately 8.5 million acres of forested land,mostly old growth set aside,never to be used for timber production. In order to see it all,a man would have to spend every weekend and holiday for sixty years looking at timber at a rate of more than one-thousand acres per day. This does not inc
41、lude acreage to be set aside for spotted-owl protection. C)In addition to this amount of forested land never to be logged,the State of Washington forest Practices Act,established in 1973,specifies that all land that is clear-cut of trees must be replanted unless converted to some other use. As a tre
42、e farmer generally plants more trees per acre than he removes,more trees are being planted than are being cut. In the last twenty years in Clark County,Washington,alone,the Department of Natural Resources has overseen the planting of at least 15000 acres of previously unforested private lands. D)The
43、 term logger applies to the person harvesting trees. A tree farmer is the one who owns the land and determines what is to be done with it. To a tree farmer, clear-cutting is no more than the final harvest of that generation of trees. The next spring,he reforests the land. To the public,clear-cutting
44、 is a bad word. Does the public cry shame when a wheat farmer harvests his crop and leaves a field of stubble in place of the beautiful wheat? E)In the Pacific Northwest,in five years,the nearly planted trees will grow taller than the farmers head;in ten years,more than fifteen feet tall;and in twen
45、ty to thirty years,the trees will be ready for the first commercial harvest. The farmer then thins the trees to make room for better growth. In forty to fifty years,he will be ready to clear-cut his farm and replant again. Contrary to public opinion,it does not take three hundred years to grow a Dou
46、glas fir tree to harvestable age. F)Tree farming keeps us in wood products. We build with wood,write on paper, and even use the unmentionable in the bathroom. But in order to keep this flow of wood products available, we need to keep it economically feasible to grow trees. If we restrict the tree-fa
47、rming practices because we do not like clear-cuts or because some animals might(and probably might not)become extinct,or we restrict markets for the timber by banning log exports or overtax the farmer,we are creating a situation where the farmer will no longer grow trees. If he cannot make money, he
48、 will not tree-farm. He will sell his tree farm so that it can grow houses. The land that grows trees is the natural resource; the trees are just a crop. G)Legislation is constantly being introduced to take away the private property rights of tree farmers. They are beleaguered by the public, who bel
49、ieve that any forest belongs to the public. Who,after all,buys the land and pays the taxes? Who invests money in property mat will yield them an income only once every twenty to thirty years? Would John Q. Public picnic in a farmer s wheat field? H)The tree fanner must have a diversified market. When there is a building slump in this country, it is vital to the industry to have an export market. Earlier recessions were devastating to tree farmers until markets were developed overseas. Some trees have little mark
