1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 89及答案与解析 Section C 0 Doctors and the health-care systems in all nations still largely use paper to communicate. This paper is shuttled from one hospital to another, often doesn t arrive on time and sometimes doesnt show up at all. Some of the most important information is written
2、in longhand, and how legible is your doctor s handwriting? Fortunately, there is a growing movement to change that, using electronic information technology. While relatively few providers use electronic health records in their offices, that figure is increasing rapidly. More doctors are using comput
3、ers to order diagnostic tests and treatment. Gradually, institutions are building systems with common coding systems that allow them to exchange data. The single most important benefit of electronic records is that they make it possible to deliver information to your doctor at the moment he is makin
4、g decisions about you care. Instead of having to read through what can be hundreds of pages in your medical record to find a particular test results, or your weight has been over the past three years, that data are now available in an instant. Technology is also making it easier for patients to comm
5、unicate with doctors and participate in their treatment enabling them, for example, to ask for a refill and referral, or to transmit important information like the blood-pressure readings taken on home machines. Prescribing medicines is also getting a lot safer and more efficient. Computers not only
6、 solve the legibility problem with prescriptions, they can also remind the doctor about potential adverse drug-drug interactions or patient drug allergies, and even recommend an adjusted dose based on a patients kidney function. In some hospitals, drug orders are bar-coded to be sure they are going
7、to the right patient, and intravenous drugs are delivered through “smart pumps“ that ensure the dose is acceptable. Without such checking, it is easy for a nurse to make an error, and give 10 times too much medication. Computerizing medical care will be expensive, but there should be a huge return o
8、n investment. If not done properly, computerizing medical care can frustrate doctors and threaten the confidentiality of patient records. But in health-care systems that have adopted the technology, these are occasional problems, while improved safety, quality and efficiency are a daily reality. 1 T
9、he communication by paper between doctors has problems partly because_. （ A） it costs a large amount for postage （ B） some doctors have difficulty reading the handwriting on the paper （ C） there isnt a good filling system to record the document （ D） it takes too much time to copy what is written in
10、the diagnosis 2 What was made possible by adopting computer technology in medical communication? （ A） Patients dont have to come to the pharmacy to pick up their medicine. （ B） Doctors can provide a treatment without the assistance of nurses. （ C） Hospitals can accept more patients at the emergency
11、room. （ D） Patients at home can communicate with their doctor about their blood pressure. 3 In making prescriptions,_. （ A） doctors should be careful not to write down personal information （ B） it is different to find out all the patient s allergies （ C） the new technology helps avoid errors about t
12、he amount of medication （ D） doctors and nurses work together to double check who received the medication 4 Computerizing health-care systems_. （ A） are still improving and becoming safer （ B） require many specialists about computers to avoid accidents （ C） solve every problem we have now in hospita
13、ls （ D） are convenient for doctors and nurses, but not for patients 5 Which of the following statements is true? （ A） The new health-care system with computers is too expensive to be adopted by most medical institution. （ B） The number of hospitals where doctors use a computerized health-care system
14、 is increasing. （ C） Even computers make mistakes, so it is safer for doctors and nurses to check each prescription. （ D） In the future, patients dont have to go to the hospital because they can get the diagnosis and the prescription online. 5 As the earth s surfaces warm, evaporation(蒸发 )is drying
15、out forests and soils, increasing susceptibility to fire. Last summer, more than 7.3 million acres of U.S. forests burned during an intense drought. Most alarmingly, as an intergovernmental panel concluded in 2001, earth s biological systems are already responding to climate change. The current epid
16、emic(传染病 )of bark beetles adds a new dimension to the risk of fires. Mountain bark beetles attack lodgepole, ponderosa(黄松 ), Douglass fir(枞木 ), sugar and western white pines, destroying them by injecting a fungus(真菌 ). The galleries of eggs they lay inside the bark pave the way for the trees death w
17、ithin a year. Healthy trees secrete pitch to drown the invaders and plug the holes they bore, but drought dries out the pitch. Woodpeckers and nuthatches keep adult numbers in check, but with warmer winters, beetle populations can quadruple in a year, outpacing their pursuers. Warming is increasing
18、the reproduction, abundance and geographic range of beetles, destabilizing the age-old, hard won truce between insects and vegetation. Since 1994, mild winters in Wyoming have helped the beetle larvae(幼虫 )survive the season. Usually, 80 percent die, but the mortality rate has dropped to less than 10
19、 percent. In Alaska, spruce bark beetles are sneaking in an extra generation a year due to warming, and have destroyed 4 million acres in the Kenai Peninsula in the past five years. “This is another example of global climate change that has deadly implications for my state,“ declared Alaskas Republi
20、can Sen. Ted Stevens last year. Warming is also expanding the beetles range into higher altitudes. In the past four or five years, they have begun to attack whitebark pines at an elevation of 8,000 feet or higher. Jesse Logan, who works for the Utah Forest Service, told the Billings(Mont.)Gazette la
21、st month that this development coincides with an overall wanning trend that began in the 1980s. “Beetles are cold-blooded, so their metabolism is related to the environment theyre in,“ according to Logan, who said the beetles seem to be a reliable indicator of global climate change. 6 Bark beetles_.
22、 （ A） are disappearing because of the increase of wildfires （ B） are easily killed by woodpeckers and nuthatches （ C） lay their eggs under the ground at the bottom of trees （ D） have become able to survive the winter 7 What is the relationship between bark beetles and climate change? （ A） More and m
23、ore bark beetles die due to global wanning. （ B） Bark beetles have more risk of dying in warming winters. （ C） Global warming causes an increase in the number of bark beetles. （ D） There is no relation between them. 8 Why do we have more wildfires now than before? （ A） Because the number of the bark
24、 beetles is decreasing. （ B） Because trees where bark beetles live dry out easily and catch fire. （ C） Because bark beetles prevent the earth from getting warmer. （ D） Because bark beetles are cold-blooded and need fire to warm up their bodies. 9 What kind of changes has appeared in the living area
25、of bark beetles? （ A） They are moving from the cooler east to the warmer west areas. （ B） They have become able to live in the higher areas of the mountains. （ C） They are moving from Alaska to Wyoming. （ D） They have come to live in the dead trees after wildfires. 10 Which of the following statemen
26、t is true? （ A） The life expectancy of the bark beetles is becoming shorter. （ B） Global warming doesn t influence the earth s biological systems. （ C） The number of woodpeckers is rapidly increasing because of warmer winters. （ D） We can rely on bark beetles to indicate global climate change. 10 In
27、 many countries, governments are trying to get citizens to eat more healthily. One way in which governments are trying to do this is by increasing taxes on foods that are unhealthy. For example, Denmark, a country in Europe, taxes products that contain a lot of sugar, such as ice cream and chocolate
28、. In 2011, the Danish government went one step further and introduced a tax on the fats contained in foods like butter and cheese. However, experts do not agree whether such taxes work. Some health experts have always disagreed with taxing fats. They say we need to consider each food separately and
29、not simply worry about how much fat it contains. For the same reason, Danish dairy farmers felt that the government was wrong to say that the foods they produce are unhealthy. Cheese, for example, contains a lot of fat, but it does not seem to lead to health problems in the way other kinds of fat do
30、. Such critics believe that the government should instead try to make healthy foods, such as vegetables, cheaper. There have also been economic problems because of the tax. The Danish government thought that if the cost of fatty foods went up, people would not buy as much of them. However, some food
31、s such as butter and cheese are an important part of the traditional Danish diet. Since these could not be bought in Denmark at reasonable prices, many Danish people began shopping in nearby countries. One study discovered that as many as 48 percent of Danish people were going to Germany or Sweden t
32、o do shopping, and the Danish economy lost about $1.8 billion because of this. For these reasons, the Danish government decided to get rid of the tax after only one year. However, many doctors say that one year is not long enough to know if the tax helped Danish citizens health. They claim that the
33、Danish government is worried more about the economy than it is about the Danish people. But even though the tax did not work in Denmark, some countries have not given up on the idea. The United Kingdom and France are thinking of trying similar taxes, and Hungary has already put a tax on fatty foods.
34、 11 What is one way governments are trying to make people healthier? （ A） By promoting low-fat versions of many popular foods. （ B） By forcing them to pay more for certain kinds of food. （ C） By decreasing the amount of sugar allowed in products. （ D） By creating laws concerning how much people are
35、allowed to eat. 12 Dairy farmers in Denmark_. （ A） felt that they were being made to produce too many products （ B） were worried that the government was planning to ban cheese （ C） argued that their products are healthier than the government said （ D） admitted that their products contained an unheal
36、thy amount of fat 13 What was one result of taxing foods that have a lot of fat? （ A） Many people avoided paying the tax by shopping abroad. （ B） Many people began eating traditional Danish food. （ C） It made healthy foods like fruit and vegetables cost more. （ D） It caused people in Germany and Swe
37、den to spend less money. 14 Many doctors think that the Danish government_. （ A） could have ended the tax on fats much sooner （ B） is more concerned about money than the health of its citizens （ C） has enough information to see if taxes on unhealthy foods are effective （ D） should ask other countrie
38、s to make laws against selling fatty foods 15 Which of the following statement is true? （ A） Some people think that making healthy foods cheaper would work better than a tax. （ B） Health experts say that we should eat more dairy products than other foods. （ C） Some kinds of fruit and vegetables are
39、as unhealthy as meat. （ D） Many people buy unhealthy foods to avoid paying high taxes. 15 Though it now seems merely an episode in the last year of World War I, the influenza pandemic of the autumn of 1918 was one of the three greatest outbreaks of disease in history. Only the plague of Justinian an
40、d the Black Death compare with it. A quarter of the world s population was affected; all in all, it killed 22 million people, almost twice as many as were killed in the war itself. In India, more people died from influenza in a few months than had died from cholera in twenty years. In the United Sta
41、tes, half a million people died. Through centuries, the course of epidemics has run from east to west. The 1918 influenza epidemic followed this pattern, reaching America last. Traditionally, Asia has been the matrix of disease, almost as though there existed, in the vastness of Mongolia, a permanen
42、t focus of infection which would erupt periodically into the rest of the world. Some doctors maintained that the influenza was introduced by Chinese labor battalions that landed on the coast of France. Some attributed it to Russian soldiers arriving from Vladivostock. Others thought it might have de
43、veloped in Spain from an earlier bronchitis which was so prevalent during the spring that the name “Spanish“ was given to the autumn influenza. There was even one tenuous theory that the disease sprang into being in an isolated Georgia training camp during the winter of 1917 and migrated westward un
44、til it had circumnavigated the earth. Influenza is still a mysterious disease. No one yet knows whether it is one virus or several, why it occurs in cycle, or how and where it lies dormant between epidemics. There are theories of weather, theories of the wearing off of group immunity, and even a the
45、ory of determination by economic circumstances. The most generally held current explanation is, however, that a pandemic like that of 1918 arises when a new and explosive strain of virus develops through a spontaneous process of mutation or renewal. 16 What is this article mainry about? （ A） The Bla
46、ck Plague. （ B） The flu epidemic of 1918. （ C） The plague of Justinian. （ D） All epidemics. 17 Which of the following is true of the epidemic of 1918? （ A） It was one of the three greatest outbreaks of disease in history. （ B） It affected a quarter of the world s population. （ C） It was the greatest
47、 outbreak of disease in the history of man. （ D） Both A and B. 18 Which of the following is a result of the 1918 epidemic? （ A） 22 million people died. （ B） 22 million Americans died. （ C） Half as many people died as were killed in World War I. （ D） As many people died as were killed in World War I.
48、 19 Through the centuries, the course of epidemics has been_. （ A） from west to east （ B） from north to south （ C） from east to west （ D） haphazard 20 The word “mutation“(Line 6, Para. 3)means_. （ A） development （ B） evolution （ C） cultivation （ D） transformation 大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 89答案与解析 Section C
49、 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 1 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 细节题。该细节在文章的第一段开头如把病历从一个医院转移到另外一个医院很慢，医生的笔迹不好辨认等等。选项中，邮费的问题文中没有提到，故 A错误，没有好的记录系统文中也没有提到。抄写诊断书的内容文中也没有涉及，只有 B，书写很难辨认文中提到了，故选 B。 【知识模块 】 仔细阅读 2 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 细节题。该细节在文章的第二、三段，比如医生可以在第一时间知道你的过往病历，方便医生和患者的沟通，和患者信息的交换，更安全高效等。选项中，文中没有说到患者可以不去抓药，也没有说医生不需要护士帮忙治疗，或者说医院可以在急救室接受病人， A、 B、 C都没有提到，只有 D正确，病人可以在家和医生沟通自己的血压。 【知识模块】 仔细阅读 3 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 细节题。根据文章的第三段，在处方方面。 “they can also remind the doctorabout potential adverse drug-drug interactions or patient drug allergies，and evenrecommend an adjusted dose b
