1、大学英语四级模拟试卷 445及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Factors of Success. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1. 人人都梦想成功 2成功所需的因素很多，如 3我在成功之路上尚需付出的努力 二、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimmin
2、g and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-7, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contrad
3、icts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 1 How Psychology Can Help the Planet Stay Cool “Im not convinced its as bad as the experts make out. Its everyone elses fault. Even if I turn off my air conditioner, it will make no differen
4、ce.“ The list of reasons for not acting to combat global warming goes on and on. This month, American Psychological Association (APA) released a report highlighting these and other psychological barriers standing in the way of action. But dont despair. The report also points to strategies that could
5、 be used to convince us to play our part. Sourced from psychological experiments, we review tricks that could be used by companies or organisations to encourage climate-friendly behaviour. In addition, psychologist Mark van Vugt of the Free University of Amsterdam describes the elements of human nat
6、ure that push us to act unselfishly. Appropriate guides As advertisers of consumer products well know, different groups of people may have quite distinct interests and motivations, and messages that seek to change behaviour need to be tailored to take these into account. “You have to target the mark
7、eting to a particular sector of the population,“ says Robert Gifford of the University of Victoria, another of the reports authors. The wealthy young, for instance, tend to be diet conscious, and this could be used to steer them away from foods like cheeseburgers-one of the most climate-unfriendly m
8、eals around because of the energy it takes to raise cattle. So when trying to convince them to give up that carbon-intensive beef pie, better to stress health benefits than the global climate. Though conservative authorities have been known to attack such efforts, characterising them as mind control
9、, experiments indicate that people are willing to be persuaded. “From participants in our experiments, weve never heard a negative feedback,“ says Wesley Schultz of California State University. In fact, according to John Petersen of Oberlin College, we are used to far worse. “Compared to the overwhe
10、lming number of advertising, it seems milder than anything I experience in my daily life,“ he says. Good neighbours Deep down, most of us want to fit in with the crowd, and psychologists are exploiting this urge to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour. Researchers led by Wesley Schultz at Ca
11、lifornia State University and Jessica Nolan, now at the University of Scranton, have found that people will cut their electricity usage if told that their neighbours use less than they do. In one experiment, the researchers left information with households in San Marcos asking them to use fans rathe
12、r than air conditioners at night, turn off lights and take shorter showers. Some messages simply stressed energy conservation, some talked about future generations, while others emphasised the financial savings. But it was the flyers(传单 ) that asked residents to join with their neighbours in saving
13、energy that were most effective in cutting electricity consumption. In another study, the researchers told households what others in their neighbourhood used on average. High users cut their consumption in response, but low users increased theirs. The problem disappeared if the messages were reinfor
14、ced with sad or smiling faces. The smiles received by the residents who were already saving energy provided sufficient encouragement for them to keep doing so. Information economy Most people seem to conserve energy if provided with real-time feedback on how much they are using. But feedback can be
15、too immediate. For instance, Janet Swim has a General Motors car that shows her mileage(里程 ) per gallon each time she accelerates. Its just not very useful, she argues, because its hard to place that momentary piece of feedback in the context of her overall driving behaviour and fuel efficiency. In
16、contrast, the Toyota Prius display shows mileage per gallon over 5-minute intervals for the previous halfhour. With that contextual information, people can experiment with different driving styles to see how they affect mileage, and even compete with themselves to improve over time. The 2010 Honda I
17、nsight goes one better, flashing up an image of a prize to reward economical driving. The benefits of feedback are not restricted to car gadgets(小装置 ). Studies show that devices that display domestic energy usage produce savings of between 5 and 12 percent. Here and now People have to be persuaded t
18、o act on climate change even though the benefit wont be felt for decades. Research by David Hardisty and Elke Weber of Columbia University suggests ways to achieve this. Hardisty and Weber have found that people respond in exactly the same way to decisions involving future environmental gains and lo
19、sses as they do when making financial decisions. This allows psychologists knowledge of how to control financial decision-making to be brought into play. For instance, schemes that give people a cash payment in advance for insulating(使隔热 ) their home will work better than those promising long-term s
20、avings, even if the people receiving cash end up paying a little more in the long run. And because we are generally more worried about future losses than we are impressed by future gains, messages are more effective if framed to warn people that they will lose $500 over 10 years if they dont follow
21、a particular course of action to limit climate change than if they are told theyll be $500 better off if they do take action. Social networks As social animals, we like to interact with others and take inspiration from their actions. Psychologists are working out how to exploit this to spread behavi
22、ours that will help limit climate change. “My sense is that social networks are going to be important,“ says Swim. Allowing people to document successes in saving energy on their Facebook pages could drive change among their friends, and the Oberlin team is considering integrating this into its urba
23、n residence experiment. Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, think such opportunities presented by Facebook can be combined with our liking for animals. Inspired by the attachment that people can develop towards Tamagotchi virtual pets, the team is testing the compelling p
24、ower of a “virtual polar bear“ standing on a sheet of floating ice that grows bigger as people adopt environmentally friendly behaviours such as taking shorter showers. Initial results suggest the polar bear has pull. 2 The report by APA summarises the strategies to encourage climate-friendly behavi
25、our on the basis of _. （ A） public polls （ B） random interviews （ C） psychological experiments （ D） scientific theories 3 Its better to persuade the wealthy young out of carbon-intensive food by _. （ A） warning the global warming （ B） advertising on newspapers （ C） stressing the financial gain （ D）
26、emphasizing health benefits 4 In the experiment by Wesley Sehultz of California State University, _. （ A） mind control turned out be a failure （ B） the feedback from participants was negative （ C） no participant lodged a complaint （ D） searchers successfully convinced all participants 5 What are psy
27、chologists making use of to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour? （ A） Peoples nature of comparing with each other. （ B） Humans desire to fit in with the crowd. （ C） Humans liking to be superior to others. （ D） Peoples benefits from their neighbours. 6 Whats the most effective way to convinc
28、e residents to cut electricity consumption? （ A） Messages stressing energy conservation. （ B） Flyers talking about future generations. （ C） Flyers related with neighbours behaviour. （ D） Advertisements emphasizing financial savings. 7 The 2010 Honda Insight has a device that _. （ A） encourages drive
29、rs to chive economically （ B） flashes up an image as a warning signal （ C） shows mileage per gallon every 5 minutes （ D） conserves energy for the drivers 8 The research by Hardisty and Weber aims at _. （ A） changing peoples view on climate change （ B） altering peoples concept on consumption （ C） see
30、king ways to convince people to limit climate change （ D） increasing the benefit from acting on climate change 9 When talking people into taking action, its more effective to tell them future losses than_. 10 According to Swim,_will be important to spread behaviours that will help limit climate chan
31、ge. 11 According to Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues, successes in saving energy by Facebook and our liking for animals can be_. Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked a
32、bout what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. （ A） Phone the Village Inn for a reservation. （ B） Ask her pare
33、nts to come some other time. （ C） Call each hotel in the area to check. （ D） Find a hotel close to the campus. （ A） The interview is very important for him. （ B） He has never been to an interview. （ C） He hasnt prepared for the interview. （ D） The interview is said to be quite demanding. （ A） The wo
34、man is going out for supper. （ B） The woman wants to eat some chocolate. （ C） The woman will go to a convenience store. （ D） The woman will go to a bar for a drink. （ A） He needs some tomato juice. （ B） His pants are stained. （ C） His pants need mending. （ D） His pants are missing. （ A） The woman ha
35、s to remain in the class. （ B） The woman will have to finish the report. （ C） Dr. Brown enforces strict deadlines on work. （ D） He would like to drop the class too. （ A） She is going to Venice. （ B） She travels around the world. （ C） She likes to collect postcards. （ D） She is going on vacation. （ A
36、） Her notebook has got missing. （ B） Her handwriting is difficult to read. （ C） She needs to attend more lectures. （ D） She has lent her notes to someone else. （ A） Shes bored with the present job. （ B） She is going to make a move. （ C） She hates commuting to work. （ D） She has a bad sleep at night.
37、 20 Why is the man angry with the woman? （ A） She didnt take Mr. Cooper to the restaurant. （ B） She didnt phone him when Mr. Cooper came. （ C） She has lost the card he had given to her. （ D） She made an excurse for her fault. 21 What did the man think he had given to the woman? （ A） An information c
38、ard of a restaurant. （ B） His own business card. （ C） Mr. Coopers business card. （ D） A note of what to do. 22 What is most probably the relationship between the woman and the man? （ A） A student and a teacher. （ B） The secretary and the boss. （ C） A salesgirl and a customer. （ D） The wife and the h
39、usband. 23 Where does the conversation most probably take place? （ A） In a drugstore. （ B） In a supermarket. （ C） On the phone. （ D） On the Internet. 24 What is the woman going to do at the weekend? （ A） She is going to have dinner with the man. （ B） She is going back home for her parents anniversar
40、y. （ C） She is going to visit her friends in New Orleans. （ D） She is going to work over time in the office. 25 What does the man say at the end of the conversation? （ A） The woman should be alert to heavy traffic. （ B） Many people go to the countryside at the weekend. （ C） The woman should guard ag
41、ainst robbers on the way. （ D） Give him a call when the woman arrives home. 26 Why does the man need an outside interest? （ A） To free his mind off work. （ B） To enrich himself. （ C） To make new friends. （ D） To kill the time. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At
42、 the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. 27 What does the speaker say about television signals? （ A） They travel faster n
43、ear the TV station. （ B） They can work better than ever before. （ C） They usually follow the curve of the earth. （ D） They travel in straight lines in all directions 28 What should people do if they used the cable? （ A） Pay a monthly charge. （ B） Pay a yearly charge. （ C） Pay a daily charge. （ D） Pa
44、y an hourly charge. 29 What happens after cable television has moved into cities? （ A） All classrooms use cable television. （ B） City people can see extra programs. （ C） The charge of cable is much lowered. （ D） TV signals can be received more easily. 30 What does the speaker say about Colonel Harla
45、nd Sanders when he retired? （ A） He had no pension. （ B） He had a great car. （ C） He was right at the age of 56. （ D） He owned a recipe for chicken. 31 What was Colonel Harland Sanders first plan? （ A） Ask his friends to sell Fried Chicken. （ B） Work as a cook in a famous restaurant. （ C） Sell his c
46、hicken recipe to restaurant owners. （ D） Study hard to work out a chicken recipe. 32 How many sales calls did Colonel Harland Sanders make before he heard a “Yes“? （ A） 65. （ B） 105. （ C） 1008. （ D） 1009 （ A） Three. （ B） Twenty - four. （ C） Two hundred. （ D） Eight. （ A） Three. （ B） Twenty - four. （
47、C） Two hundred. （ D） Eight. （ A） Cotton. （ B） Coffee. （ C） Iron. （ D） Rubber. （ A） Cameroon is in West Africa. （ B） Cameroon is divided by three religions which compete for the loyalty of the 8 million people. （ C） Cameroon has developed a strong economy in the past 10 years. （ D） Religious conflict
48、 is a major social problem in Cameroon. Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numb
49、ered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the 36 We often hear the【 B1】 _, “Everybody talks about weather, but nobody does anything about it.“ This is really not【 B2】 _today. Something is, indeed, being【 B3】 _Today, meteorology is used to make peoples lives【 B4】_and better.
