1、大学英语四级模拟试卷 494及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: To Be a Small Fish in a Big Pond or a Big Fish in a Small Pond? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 在大企业工作的特点 2. 在小企业工
2、作的特点 3. 我的选择 To Be a Small Fish in a Big Pond or a Big Fish in a Small Pond? 二、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-7, ma
3、rk： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 1 How Ice Cream Works The U.S. ice cream industry sells about a million
4、gallons of ice cream each year, dispensing cones, gallons, pints, sundaes and other desserts through grocery stores and ice cream shops. In fact, eight percent of all the milk produced in the U.S. ends up in a frozen dairy product. Ice Cream or Frozen Dessert? Not just any frozen treat can be called
5、 ice cream. In fact, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has specific tales that define what can and cant be labeled “ice cream“. To bear the “Meets USDA Ingredient Standard for Ice Cream“ stamp, it has to contain at least 10 percent milk fat, and a minimum of six percent non-fat milk solids. A gallo
6、n has to weigh at least 4.5 pounds. The range of milk fat (sometimes referred to as butter fat) used in ice cream can go from the minimum 10 percent to a maximum of about 16 percent. Most premium ice creams use 14 percent milk fat. Higher fat content leads to better, richer taste and a creamier text
7、ure. Ice cream makers dont go higher than 16 percent because it would be costly and very high in calories. An ice cream with this much milk fat would also taste so rich that people would probably eat it in smaller amounts, which would be bad news for people who sell ice cream for a living. Other fro
8、zen desserts, such as sorbets (果汁冰糕 ), low-fat ice cream, and frozen yogurt, are not technically ice cream at all. Frozen custard is ice cream that has at least 1.4 percent egg yolk solids, and “soft serve“ can be any frozen milk-based dessert that has net gone through the hardening process-more on
9、that later. In terms of specific ingredients, the recipe for ice cream is simple. But in scientific terms, its complicated stuff, lee cream is a colloid, a type of emulsion(乳状液 ). An emulsion is a combination of two substances that dont normally mix together. Instead, one of the substances is disper
10、sed throughout the other. In ice cream, molecules of fat are suspended in a water-sugar-ice structure along with air bubbles. The presence of air means that ice cream is also technically a foam. In addition to milk fat, non-fat milk solids, sugar, and air, ice cream also contains stabilizers and emu
11、lsifiers. Stabilizers help hold the air bubble structure together and give the ice cream a better texture. Although gelatin(凝胶 ) was originally used as a stabilizer, xanthan gum, guar gum, and other compounds are used today. Emulsifiers keep the ice cream smooth and aid the distribution of the fat m
12、olecules throughout the colloid. Egg yolks were once used, but ice cream manufacturers now tend to use other chemical compounds. These stabilizers and emulsifiers make up a very small proportion (less than one percent) of the ice cream. Making Ice Cream Whether its being made in your kitchen with a
13、hand crank, at a local homemade ice cream shop with a stand-alone ice cream maker, or in a factory that cranks out thousands of gallons of ice cream every day, the process of making ice cream is basically the same. The only difference is the scale of the operation. First, you need ice cream mix. You
14、 can buy commercially made ice cream mix that is set to a certain milk fat content, lee cream factories usually make their own mix by combining milk, cream and sugar in a 3,000 gallon vat with the proportions and mixing controlled by computers. The mix is then pasteurized (用巴氏法灭菌 ), Or heated, to ki
15、ll any harmful bacteria. If you were to make your own mix at home, you could pasteurize it by cooking it in a double boiler, or use an egg substitute or pasteurized egg product. This step is important, because otherwise people who eat your homemade ice cream could get sick due to salmonella contamin
16、ation. According to the Centers for Disease Control, those most at risk include the elderly, very young children, and people with compromised immune systems. The next step in production is adding flavor to the mix. There are thousands of varieties of ice cream, so just about any combination of flavo
17、rs is possible. From vanilla to cinnamon, chocolate to triple chocolate fudge brownie, it all gets blended into the ice cream mix. Ina factory, this step takes place in vats that hold hundreds of gallons of ice cream, while giant steel paddles do the mixing. In your kitchen, a large bowl and a food
18、mixer will work, or even a wooden spoon and muscle power if you want some exercise. Solid chunks such as pieces of fruit, chocolate chunks, marshmallows, and candy are added later. The next step is where an ice cream making machine comes into play. The mix has to be simultaneously frozen and whipped
19、. In a factory, this happens in a giant tube surrounded by pipes. The pipes contain chemicals such as ammonia that freeze the tube, but the ammonia never comes into contact with the ice cream. The ice cream mix is pumped through the tube, where it gets cold very quickly. A dasher, or blade, turns in
20、side the tube. This whips the mixture, introducing the air bubbles that help give ice cream its structure. The dasher also scrapes the sides of the tube, clearing off ice crystals that form there. This prevents large ice crystals from mining the flavor and texture of the ice cream. All the elements
21、of this process are carefully monitored and controlled by computers. Most homemade ice cream shops use a batch freezer for this step, where the same process happens on a smaller scale. This step can be accomplished at home with a rock salt/ice mixture for freezing and a hand or electric cranked dash
22、er to mix and scrape off the ice crystals. Once the ice cream has come out of the ice cream maker, the process isnt finished. At this point, the mixture is frozen, but still soft. Large chunks of candy and other goodies are now added. Then the ice cream is placed into containers. Factory machines po
23、ur it straight into cartons or buckets, or it can be extruded (挤压出 ) into shapes that have wooden sticks placed into them for individual treats. Now the ice cream needs to be reduced to a very low temperature, zero degrees Fahrenheit or below. Factories make it even colder since they need the ice cr
24、eam to stay frozen while it is packaged and loaded onto trucks. It needs to be very cold to freeze the ice cream quickly and prevent the formation of large ice crystals. This process is known as hardening. “Soft-serve“ is often simply ice cream that has not gone through this process. Well learn abou
25、t the ice cream industry in the next section. Ice Cream Industry In 1999, retail sales of ice cream in the U.S., the worldwide leader in ice cream production, topped $4 billion. In 2002, more than $20 billion was spent on frozen desserts. The leading states in ice cream consumption are California, I
26、ndiana, Pennsylvania, Texas and New York. Americans ate an average of 21.5 quarts of ice cream per person in 2004. With that much money to be made, the ice cream industry can be secretive and underhanded (秘密的 ). Deborah Hanny, owner of Sweet Jennys Ice Cream in Williamsville, NY, protects her recipe
27、s carefully. Her shop has been photographed by men in suits and she once caught someone in her upstairs office hurriedly trying to copy down her recipes. Ice cream making secrets are seldom passed down from generation to generation these days. So where do people in the ice cream industry learn their
28、 craft? At ice cream school. Pennsylvania State University offers a week-long “Ice Cream Short Course“ intended for industry professionals. The course teaches the science and technology used to make ice cream. They also offer Ice Cream 101 for ice cream hobbyists who just want to learn more about th
29、eir favorite frozen treat. The University of Guelph, Ontarios Dairy Science and Technology school, also has a long history of teaching ice cream science. 2 Eight percent of all the milk produced in the U.S. ends up in a frozen dairy product. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 3 Any frozen treat can be called ice
30、 cream. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 4 In addition to milk fat, non-fat milk solids, sugar, and air, ice cream also contains stabilizers and emulsifiers. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 5 The process of making ice cream at home is different from that in a factory. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 6 Once the ice cream has come
31、out of the ice cream maker, the process is finished. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 7 Ice cream making secrets are passed down from generation to generation these days. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 8 Many universities in U.S.A. offer courses of ice cream science. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 9 The range of milk fat used i
32、n ice cream can go _. 10 In 1, retail sales of ice cream in the U.S. topped _. 11 With that much money to be made, the ice cream industry can be _. Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questi
33、ons will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. （ A） She refuses to go to dinner. （ B） She a
34、grees to go to dinner. （ C） She is angry. （ D） She is surprised. （ A） She learns English quickly. （ B） Her English isnt very good. （ C） Her English is very good. （ D） She learns new sentences slowly. （ A） At a bank. （ B） At an inn. （ C） On the river side. （ D） On a basketball field. （ A） Go to Paris
35、 again. （ B） Live in Paris. （ C） Go somewhere else. （ D） Difficult to say. （ A） Peter likes to do physical exercise. （ B） Peter is absent-minded in class. （ C） Peter is a naughty boy. （ D） Peter usually walks to class. （ A） A driving test. （ B） A traffic accident. （ C） A police movie. （ D） The best
36、way to make signals. （ A） Her sister is a fashionable woman. （ B） Her sister is designing a dress. （ C） Her sister is studying Spanish. （ D） Her sister is in the Philippines. （ A） She is going to see a movie. （ B） She wants to see her friend. （ C） She is going to see a film that she has seen before.
37、 （ D） She is going to find out some information about the film. （ A） She preferred homestay families. （ B） Her aunt needed the room for her cousin. （ C） She didnt like her cousin, （ D） Her aunt didnt like her. （ A） Eighteen months. （ B） Twelve months. （ C） Six months, （ D） Fifteen months. （ A） Gener
38、al English. （ B） Academic English. （ C） Medicine. （ D） Medical English. （ A） She generally doesnt allow people to borrow it. （ B） She is trying to sell it. （ C） She bought it from a friend. （ D） It has broken down before. （ A） The woman could probably repay it herself. （ B） Its rather small. （ C） It
39、 probably wont cost a lot to repair. （ D） Its probably difficult to drive. （ A） He only works on new cars. （ B） He has fixed her car before. （ C） He is one of her neighbors. （ D） He will probably overcharge her. （ A） Take the woman to her home. （ B） Test-drive the womans car. （ C） Help the woman pay
40、 the mechanics bill. （ D） Help the woman fix her car. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answ
41、er from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. （ A） Recalling something from ones memory. （ B） Something about preparatory method in exam. （ C） Conscience. （ D） Mans mind. （ A） From the ones they are familiar with to the difficult ones. （ B） From the short ones to the long ones. （ C） From the long o
42、nes to the short ones. （ D） From the ones they are confident of to the more difficult ones. （ A） When you cant recall something instantly, you should try your best to do it. （ B） When you cant recall something instantly, youd better have an operation on your mind. （ C） The subconscious activities ma
43、y go to work to dig up a dim memory. （ D） Forcing yourself to recall may loosen your memory. （ A） There were only grandparents and children. （ B） There was one father, one mother, and their children. （ C） There were many relatives. （ D） There were two or more brothers with their wives. （ A） The wome
44、n have more freedom and can share in decisions. （ B） The women do not have to be the heads of the family. （ C） The womens relatives do not help them with the housework and childcare. （ D） The women have all the power of the family. （ A） Husbands have to sham power with their wives and help them with
45、 the housework. （ B） Older women do not often have important positions in a large group and often live alone when their husbands die. （ C） Family structure is more patriarchal in the nuclear family. （ D） Women have to help sisters, grandparents with housework and childcare. （ A） The United States is
46、 faced with many social problems. （ B） Various factors are responsible for the crimes in the United States. （ C） New trends have been discovered in the crimes in the United States. （ D） The crime rate in the United States is on the rise. （ A） 25 minutes. （ B） 10 minutes. （ C） 24 minutes. （ D） 7 minu
47、tes （ A） Poverty. （ B） High divorce rate. （ C） Homelessness （ D） Lack of education. （ A） Common citizens have the right to bear arms. （ B） T.V. and radio stations and newspapers have the right to report the details of crimes. （ C） Every citizen has the right to kill others in order to protect himsel
48、f. （ D） Everybody has the right t0 learn how to use weapons. Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fi
49、ll in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the 36 You should not fear spiders because of their poison. Of all the spiders in North America, only one kind is very【 B1】 _and most would not bite even if they were【 B2】 _. They much prefer to run away or to drop to the ground on a【 B3】_
