1、大学英语四级模拟试卷 928及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 On Internet Safety 1目前网络安全的状况 2保证网络安全的措施 3我的观点 二、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passag
2、e. For questions 1-7, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 1 How Ice Cream Works The U.S. ice cream industr
3、y sells about a million gallons of ice cream each year, dispensing cones, gallons, pints, sundaes and other desserts through grocery stores and ice cream shops, In fact, eight percent of all the milk produced in the U.S. ends up in a frozen dairy product. Ice Cream or Frozen Dessert? Not just any fr
4、ozen treat can be called ice cream. In fact, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has specific rules that define what can and cant be labeled “ice cream“. To bear the “Meets USDA Ingredient Standard for Ice Cream“ stamp, it has to contain at least 10 percent milk fat, and a minimum of six percent non-
5、fat milk solids. A gallon has to weigh at least 4.5 pounds. The range of milk fat (sometimes referred to as butter fat) used in ice cream can go from the minimum 10 percent to a maximum of about 16 percent. Most premium ice creams use 14 percent milk fat. Higher fat content leads to better, richer t
6、aste and a creamier texture. Ice cream makers dont go higher than 16 percent because it would be costly and very high in calories. An ice cream with this much milk fat would also taste so rich that people would probably eat it in smaller amounts, which would be bad news for people who sell ice cream
7、 for a living. Other frozen desserts, such as sorbets (果汁冰糕 ), low-fat ice cream, and frozen yogurt, are not technically ice cream at all. Frozen custard is ice cream that has at least 1.4 percent egg yolk solids, and “soft serve“ can be any frozen milk-based dessert that has not gone through the ha
8、rdening process-more on that later. In terms of specific ingredients, the recipe for ice cream is simple. But in scientific terms, its complicated stuff. Ice cream is a colloid, a type of emulsion (乳状液 ). An emulsion is a combination of two substances that dont normally mix together. Instead, one of
9、 the substances is dispersed throughout the other. In ice cream, molecules of fat are suspended in a water-sugar- ice structure along with air bubbles. The presence of air means that ice cream is also technically a foam. In addition to milk fat, non-fat milk solids, sugar, and air, ice cream also co
10、ntains stabilizers and emulsifiers. Stabilizers help hold the air bubble structure together and give the ice cream a better texture. Although gelatin(凝胶 ) was originally used as a stabilizer, xanthan gum, guar gum, and other compounds are used today. Emulsifiers keep the ice cream smooth and aid the
11、 distribution of the fat molecules throughout the colloid. Egg yolks were once used, but ice cream manufacturers now tend to use other chemical compounds. These stabilizers and emulsifiers make up a very small proportion (less than one percent) of the ice cream. Making Ice Cream Whether its being ma
12、de in your kitchen with a hand crank, at a local homemade ice cream shop with a stand-alone ice cream maker, or in a factory that cranks out thousands of gallons of ice cream every day, the process of making ice cream is basically the same. The only difference is the scale of the operation. First, y
13、ou need ice cream mix. You can buy commercially made ice cream mix that is set to a certain milk fat content. Ice cream factories usually make their own mix by combining milk, cream and sugar in a 3,000 gallon vat, with the proportions and mixing controlled by computers. The mix is then pasteurized
14、( 用巴氏法灭菌 ), or heated, to kill any harmful bacteria. If you were to make your own mix at home, you could pasteurize it by cooking it in a double boiler, or use an egg substitute or pasteurized egg product. This step is important, because otherwise people who eat your homemade ice cream could get sic
15、k due to salmonella contamination. According to the Centers for Disease Control, those most at risk include the elderly, very young children, and people with compromised immune systems. The next step in production is adding flavor to the mix. There are thousands of varieties of ice cream, so just ab
16、out any combination of flavors is possible. From vanilla to cinnamon, chocolate to triple chocolate fudge brownie, it all gets blended into the ice cream mix. In a factory, this step takes place in vats that hold hundreds of gallons of ice cream, while giant steel paddles do the mixing. In your kitc
17、hen, a large bowl and a food mixer will work, or even a wooden spoon and muscle power if you want some exercise. Solid chunks such as pieces of fruit, chocolate chunks, marshmallows, and candy are added later. The next step is where an ice cream making machine comes into play. The mix has to be simu
18、ltaneously frozen and whipped. In a factory, this happens in a giant tube surrounded by pipes. The pipes contain chemicals such as ammonia that freeze the tube, but the ammonia never comes into contact with the ice cream. The ice cream mix is pumped through the tube, where it gets cold very quickly.
19、 A dasher, or blade, turns inside the tube. This whips the mixture, introducing the air bubbles that help give ice cream its structure. The dasher also serapes the sides of the tube, clearing off ice crystals that form there. This prevents large ice crystals from mining the flavor and texture of the
20、 ice cream. All the elements of this process are carefully monitored and controlled by computers. Most homemade ice cream shops use a batch freezer for this step, where the same process happens on a smaller scale. This step can be accomplished at home with a rock salt/ice mixture for freezing and a
21、hand or electric cranked dasher to mix and scrape off the ice crystals. Once the ice cream has come out of the ice cream maker, the process isnt finished. At this point, the mixture is frozen, but still soft Large chunks of candy and other goodies are now added. Then the ice cream is placed into con
22、tainers. Factory machines pour it straight into cartons or buckets, or it can be extruded ( 挤压出 ) into shapes that have wooden sticks placed into them for individual treats. Now the ice cream needs to be reduced to a very low temperature, zero degrees Fahrenheit or below. Factories make it even cold
23、er since they need the ice cream to stay frozen while it is packaged and loaded onto trucks. It needs to be very cold to freeze the ice cream quickly and prevent the formation of large ice crystals. This process is known as hardening. “Soft-serve“ is often simply ice cream that has not gone through
24、this process. Well learn about the ice cream industry in the next section. Ice Cream Industry In 1999, retail sales of ice cream in the U.S., the worldwide leader in ice cream production, topped 4 billion. In 2002, more than 20 billion was spent on frozen desserts. The leading states in ice cream co
25、nsumption are California, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Texas and New York. Americans ate an average of 21.5 quarts of ice cream per person in 2004. With that much money to be made, the ice cream industry can be secretive and underhanded (秘密的 ). Deborah Hanny, owner of Sweet Jennys Ice Cream in Williamsvil
26、le, NY, protects her recipes carefully. Her shop has been photographed by men in suits and she once caught someone in her upstairs office hurriedly trying to copy down her recipes. Ice cream making secrets are seldom passed down from generation to generation these days. So where do people in the ice
27、 cream industry learn their craft? At ice cream school. Pennsylvania State University offers a week-long “Ice Cream Short Course“ intended for industry professionals. The course teaches the science and technology used to make ice cream. They also offer Ice Cream 101 for ice cream hobbyists who just
28、want to learn more about their favorite frozen treat. The University of Guelph, Ontarios Dairy Science and Technology school, also has a long history of teaching ice cream science. 2 Eight percent of all the milk produced in the U.S. ends up in a frozen dairy product. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 3 Any fro
29、zen treat can be called ice cream. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 4 In addition to milk fat, non-fat milk solids, sugar, and air, ice cream also contains stabilizers and emulsifiers. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 5 The process of making ice cream at home is different from that in a factory. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 6 O
30、nce the ice cream has come out of the ice cream maker, the process is finished. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 7 Ice cream making secrets are passed down from generation to generation these days. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 8 Many universities in U.S.A. offer courses of ice cream science. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 9 T
31、he range of milk fat used in ice cream can go _. 10 In 1999, retail sakes of ice cream in the U.S. topped _. 11 With that much money to be made, the ice cream industry can be _. Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each co
32、nversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. （ A） The man h
33、as earned little money. （ B） The woman has earned a lot of money. （ C） The man has earned a lot of money. （ D） The man has given the woman a lot of money. （ A） Listening to the radio. （ B） Looking at the photos. （ C） Watching television. （ D） Reading newspaper. （ A） The milk is safe to drink. （ B） T
34、he milk is not safe to drink. （ C） She shouldnt have bought the milk. （ D） He wouldnt have milk for breakfast. （ A） He is thoughtful. （ B） He is forgetful. （ C） He is careless. （ D） He is helpful. （ A） Go right into the office. （ B） Come back at four. （ C） Wait a short time. （ D） Change the appointm
35、ent. （ A） The new teacher is sick. （ B） He hasnt met the teacher yet. （ C） There are three new teachers. （ D） He doesnt like the teacher. （ A） Moving into a different office in the department. （ B） Taking a day off from studying. （ C） Joining other students in the department. （ D） Finding more stude
36、nts to help with the move. （ A） He should look for a battery at the drugstore. （ B） The drugstore may not be open at this hour. （ C） He should have tried the radio earlier. （ D） She doesnt know how to open the radio. （ A） Tennis sets. （ B） Computer and TV set. （ C） Bookcase and book shelf. （ D） Refr
37、igerator and kitchen stuff. （ A） Sell them to the second-hand bookshop. （ B） Advertise them on the university notice boards. （ C） Advertise them in the student newspaper for sale. （ D） Give them to the second- and third-year students for free. （ A） It may not pay well. （ B） It may not come on time.
38、（ C） It may not take the goods. （ D） It may charge the quote. （ A） He was annoyed. （ B） He was pleased. （ C） He felt it could be replaced. （ D） He did not care. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the p
39、assage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. （ A） It carries its own oxygen supply. （ B） It does not need any oxygen during the flight. （ C） It can produce oxygen during the flight. （ D） It e
40、xtract oxygen from the air that flows through the engine. （ A） Cargo. （ B） Adults. （ C） Children. （ D） Chemical substance. （ A） 100. （ B） 500. （ C） 1,000. （ D） 1,500. （ A） Nine times. （ B） Five times. （ C） Six times. （ D） Twice. （ A） Last year. （ B） This month. （ C） A year later. （ D） Next spring （
41、A） He doesnt think it is interesting. （ B） He doesnt think it is more difficult than Marathon. （ C） He thinks it is much easier than F1-Race. （ D） He thinks it is the most difficult sporting event. （ A） It smashed into a row of houses. （ B） It was run over by a truck. （ C） It was too nervous to leav
42、e the strip in the middle of the road. （ D） It hit a truck. （ A） A passenger; （ B） The dog. （ C） The truck-driver. （ D） A policeman. （ A） In the street. （ B） In a family swimming pool. （ C） In a public swimming pool. （ D） In a kindergarten. （ A） A big steak. （ B） A piece of bread. （ C） A bottle of m
43、ilk. （ D） An extra bone. Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to
44、 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the 33 Boy, tourism really is a big business these days. Its【 B1】 _. It involves
45、 hotels, transportation, restaurants, shops, and thousands of people. The tour companies keep telling us what a good thing it is. about how much we can learn about people and【 B2】 _, but sometimes I【 B3】 _if this is really true. A【 B4】 _that I know went abroad last summer. They traveled with a tour
46、group. Its interesting to compare their experiences with some of the experiences of other people in the same tour group. My friends,【 B5】 _, had some【 B6】 _, or friends, actually, along the【 B7】 _of their tour. In some of the cities they were going to, they knew some local people. When they got to d
47、ifferent places, they could go out with some of the local people and they could eat some of the local food and maybe see some of the local【 B8】 _ Other members of the tour group, however, never got away from the group at all. They never went out and did a thing on their own.【 B9】 _. I understand why
48、 people wouldnt go out on their own【 B10】 _But it seems to me that【 B11】 _If tour companies emphasized that, everyone really would learn about other people and other customs. 34 【 B1】 35 【 B2】 36 【 B3】 37 【 B4】 38 【 B5】 39 【 B6】 40 【 B7】 41 【 B8】 42 【 B9】 43 【 B10】 44 【 B11】 Section A Directions: In
49、 this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. 44 In 1791 the French nati
