1、大学英语四级（ 2013年 12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷 171及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the significance of waste sorting. You should write at least 120 words but n
2、o more than 180 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1. Section A （ A） Next year. （ B） Next week. （ C） In June or July. （ D） In March or April. （ A） A conference held between Britain, Israel and Palestine. （ B） Peace talks held between Israel and Palestine. （ C） The international effort to boost
3、economy in Palestine. （ D） The political and economic situation in Palestine. （ A） More than $17 billion. （ B） More than $17 million. （ C） More than $70 billion. （ D） More than $70 million. （ A） He was accused of many charges. （ B） He arrived on South Korea illegally. （ C） He stole money on the airp
4、lane. （ D） He committed crimes in Vietnam. （ A） Studied a lot of international journals. （ B） Estimated food consumption of undergraduate students. （ C） Spent a lot of time eating in front of the television. （ D） Surveyed students viewing, eating and drinking habits. （ A） Watching TV encourages snac
5、king. （ B） Most people had healthy eating habits. （ C） Most people watch TV while eating. （ D） People are distracted while eating. （ A） Pay full attention to the TV shows. （ B） Miss what happening on the screen. （ C） Miss the cues that we are full. （ D） Eat less food than usually. Section B （ A） At
6、a bookstore. （ B） At a library. （ C） On the telephone. （ D） At the student center. （ A） By applying from the department. （ B） By lending journals and magazines. （ C） By applying at the loan office. （ D） By using his student ID. card. （ A） Return it as quickly as possible. （ B） Pay a fine because of
7、the delayed return. （ C） Return it within 7 days of the recall notice. （ D） Return it within 7 days before the due date. （ A） Send an email to him. （ B） Impose an overdue fine on him. （ C） Ask his roommates to give him a message. （ D） Give the notice to his teacher of his department （ A） Poetry is p
8、opular among the general public. （ B） People there have no interest in poetry. （ C） Poetry is the most popular literature. （ D） People have no passion for writing poems. （ A） Flowery words are the most shining point of poetry. （ B） Flowery words arent an absolute necessity for poetry. （ C） One can w
9、rite poems easily after he has read much. （ D） He prefers a long novel to a short poem. （ A） He has more readers than other poets. （ B） He uses refined words in his poems. （ C） His poems express deep thoughts. （ D） His poems are interesting and excellent. （ A） Finding out a rhymed word with panda. （
10、 B） Bringing the poem about panda to an end. （ C） Adding the name “Amanda“ into a poem. （ D） Replacing panda with another word. Section C （ A） The father alone makes the important decision. （ B） The mother alone makes the important decision. （ C） Children old enough are allowed to take part. （ D） Ch
11、ildren should be seen but cant air their view. （ A） Their parents dont like to live with them. （ B） They need more freedom and space. （ C） They need to become independent. （ D） They have to go to universities. （ A） It suits the values of equality. （ B） It can cause serious problems. （ C） It does no
12、good. （ D） It goes too far. （ A） They have not enough money. （ B） They have to leave home. （ C） They feel useless and lonely. （ D） They have no children or relatives. （ A） Breaking big rocks into little ones （ B） Feeding his family. （ C） Building a cathedral. （ D） Doing construction works. （ A） Havi
13、ng a point. （ B） Having flexibility. （ C） Making sense. （ D） Being interesting. （ A） Most of the people want to do meaningful work. （ B） A majority of workers are doing meaningful work. （ C） Happy workers can always find a well-paid job. （ D） Meaningful workers are happy and better workers. （ A） One
14、 can improve listening by watching movies. （ B） Everybody wants to improve listening nowadays. （ C） There is a good way to memorize vocabularies. （ D） One needs to work hard to improve English. （ A） Watch the film two more times. （ B） Memorize the scenes and stories. （ C） Listen to the film instead
15、of watching it. （ D） Repeat what the characters say in the film. （ A） Choose ones favorite film. （ B） Memorize all the dialogues. （ C） Go to a movie theater. （ D） Practice with a friend. Section A 26 We all know that emotions originate in the brain. But we usually talk about our emotions coming from
16、 our hearts. If someone you know doesnt give up【 C1】 _, you might say, “Hes got a lot of heart.“ Then what about bad emotions? When you feel so sad that your heart “aches,“ could it actually be true? A new study shows what goes on in your mind can, literally, break your heart. In the study, just pub
17、lished in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, researchers looking at more than 63,000 women who were participants in the【 C2】_Nurses Health Study, found that, those who reported basic symptoms of depression had a higher-than-normal【 C3】 _of heart attack. And women who were clinically
18、depressed were more than twice as【 C4】 _as other women to suffer sudden heart attack. None of the participants had heart problems at the studys【 C5】 _, but nearly 8% had symptoms of depression. The researchers theorize that depression might have some direct physiological impact on the heart like【 C6
19、】 _it to work harder in the face of stress. Or it may be that the antidepressants(抗抑郁药 ) 【 C7】 _to treat those with mood problems were associated with heart diseases: in the study, sudden heart attack was linked more【 C8】_with antidepressant use than with womens symptoms of depression. No one is sur
20、e exactly how depression hurts the heart, and one【 C9】_explanation is that a damaged heart and its consequent stress on the body might activate, somehow, genes or other physiological changes that【 C10】 _to depression. A)risk E)strongly I)causing M)easily B)plausible F)outset J)process N)make C)ongoi
21、ng G)likely K)contribute O)possibly D)sum H)meaningful L)prescribed 27 【 C1】 28 【 C2】 29 【 C3】 30 【 C4】 31 【 C5】 32 【 C6】 33 【 C7】 34 【 C8】 35 【 C9】 36 【 C10】 Section B 36 How Psychology Can Help the Planet Stay Cool A“Im not convinced its as bad as the experts make out. Its everyone elses fault Eve
22、n if I turn off my air conditioner, it will make no difference.“ The list of reasons for not acting to combat global warming goes on and on. This month, American Psychological Association(APA)released a report highlighting these and other psychological barriers standing in the way of action. But don
23、t despair. The report also points to strategies that could be used to convince us to play our part. Sourced from psychological experiments, we review tricks that could be used by companies or organisations to encourage climate-friendly behaviour. In addition, psychologist Mark van Vugt of the Free U
24、niversity of Amsterdam describes the elements of human nature that push us to act unselfishly. BAs advertisers of consumer products well know, different groups of people may have quite distinct interests and motivations, and messages that seek to change behaviour need to be tailored to take these in
25、to account. “You have to target the marketing to a particular sector of the population,“ says Robert Gifford of the University of Victoria, another of the reports authors. The wealthy young, for instance, tend to be diet conscious, and this could be used to steer them away from foods like cheeseburg
26、ers one of the most climate-unfriendly meals around because of the energy it takes to raise cattle. So when trying to convince them to give up that carbon-intensive beef pie, better to stress health benefits than the global climate. CThough conservative authorities have been known to attack such eff
27、orts, characterising them as mind control, experiments indicate that people are willing to be persuaded. “From participants in our experiments, weve never heard a negative feedback,“ says Wesley Schultz of California State University. In fact, according to John Petersen of Oberlin College, we are us
28、ed to far worse. “Compared to the overwhelming number of advertising, it seems milder than anything I experience in my daily life,“ he says. DDeep down, most of us want to fit in with the crowd, and psychologists are exploiting this urge to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour. Researchers l
29、ed by Wesley Schultz at California State University and Jessica Nolan, now at the University of Scranton, have found that people will cut their electricity usage if told that their neighbours use less than they do. In one experiment, the researchers left information with households in San Marcos ask
30、ing them to use fans rather than air conditioners at night, turn off lights and take shorter showers. Some messages simply stressed energy conservation, some talked about future generations, while others emphasised the financial savings. But it was the flyers(传单 )that asked residents to join with th
31、eir neighbours in saving energy that were most effective in cutting electricity consumption. EIn another study, the researchers told households what others in their neighbourhood used on average. High users cut their consumption in response, but low users increased theirs. The problem disappeared if
32、 the messages were reinforced with sad or smiling faces. The smiles received by the residents who were already saving energy provided sufficient encouragement for them to keep doing so. FMost people seem to conserve energy if provided with real-time feedback on how much they are using. But feedback
33、can be too immediate. For instance, Janet Swim has a General Motors car that shows her mileage(里程 )per gallon each time she accelerates. Its just not very useful, she argues, because its hard to place that momentary piece of feedback in the context of her overall driving behaviour and fuel efficienc
34、y. In contrast, the Toyota Prius display shows mileage per gallon over 5-minute intervals for the previous half-hour. With that contextual information, people can experiment with different driving styles to see how they affect mileage, and even compete with themselves to improve over time. The 2010
35、Honda Insight goes one better, flashing up an image of a prize to reward economical driving. The benefits of feedback are not restricted to car gadgets(小装置 ). Studies show that devices that display domestic energy usage produce savings of between 5 and 12 per cent. GPeople have to be persuaded to ac
36、t on climate change even though the benefit wont be felt for decades. Research by David Hardisty and Elke Weber of Columbia University suggests ways to achieve this. Hardisty and Weber have found that people respond in exactly the same way to decisions involving future environmental gains and losses
37、 as they do when making financial decisions. This allows psychologists knowledge of how to control financial decision-making to be brought into play. For instance, schemes that give people a cash payment in advance for insulating(使隔热 )their home will work better than those promising long-term saving
38、s, even if the people receiving cash end up paying a little more in the long run. HAnd because we are generally more worried about future losses than we are impressed by future gains, messages are more effective if framed to warn people that they will lose $500 over 10 years if they dont follow a pa
39、rticular course of action to limit climate change than if they are told theyll be $500 better off if they do take action. IAs social animals, we like to interact with others and take inspiration from their actions. Psychologists are working out how to exploit this to spread behaviours that will help
40、 limit climate change. “My sense is that social networks are going to be important,“ says Swim. Allowing people to document successes in saving energy on their Facebook pages could drive change among their friends, and the Oberlin team is considering integrating this into its urban residence experim
41、ent. Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, think such opportunities presented by Facebook can be combined with our liking for animals. Inspired by the attachment that people can develop towards Tamagotchi virtual pets, the team is testing the compelling power of a “virtual
42、polar bear“ standing on a sheet of floating ice that grows bigger as people adopt environmentally friendly behaviours such as taking shorter showers. Initial results suggest the polar bear has pull. 37 Flyers related with neighbours behaviour are a very effective way to convince residents to cut ele
43、ctricity consumption. 38 According to Swim, social network will be important to spread behaviours that will help limit climate change. 39 The research by Hardisty and Weber aims at seeking ways to convince people to limit climate change. 40 Its better to persuade the wealthy young out of carbon-inte
44、nsive food by emphasizing health benefits. 41 In the experiment by Wesley Schultz, no participant lodged a complaint 42 When talking people into taking action, its more effective to tell them future losses than future gains. 43 Psychologists are making use of humans desire to fit in with the crowd t
45、o encourage environmentally friendly behaviour. 44 The report by APA summarises the strategies to encourage climate-friendly behaviour on the basis of psychological experiments. 45 According to Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues, successes in saving energy by Facebook and our liking for animals can be
46、 combined. 46 The 2010 Honda Insight has a device that encourages drivers to drive economically. Section C 46 Heres some good news for parents of tweens and teens: You rule. That may be hard to believe sometimes. And its true kids wont always follow your health and safety rules. But studies show par
47、ents who keep setting boundaries make a huge difference. The latest example is a survey on media use by the Kaiser Family Foundation. It found that typical kids aged from 8 to 18 spend an astonishing 7 hours and 38 minutes a day consuming entertainment media, indulging deeply in TV, computers, games
48、, cellphones, music players and other devices while occasionally glancing at books and other non-electronic media. Many experts, including the pediatrics(小儿科 )academy, consider that much screen time bad for mental and physical health. But the study also found that kids whose parents set any time or
49、content limits were plugged in for three hours less each day. “Parents can have a big influence,“ says Kaiser researcher Vicky Rideout. “The reality is that teenagers care deeply what their parents think,“ says Kenneth Ginsburg, a specialist of the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia. “The challenge for parents is to get across rules and boundaries in a way that doesnt feel controlling.“ Research shows that parents who set firm rules but explain and enforce in a warm supportive w
