1、工业发展练习试卷 3及答案与解析 一、 PART 1 English-Chinese Translation (60 points) Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this part is 120 minutes. 1 obal Industrialization Industrialization changed the world. Few places on earth have escaped its impact. However, the nature of the impact varies
2、from place to place. Understanding the global consequences of industrialization requires an understanding of how industrialization differed in each place. Industrialization is always initially a regional, not a national, phenomenon as demonstrated by the long industrial lag of the American South. Ma
3、ny other parts of Western Europe plus the United States followed Britain in the early 19th century. A few other European regions - Sweden, Holland, northern Italy - began serious industrialization only at mid-century. The next big wave of new industrialization, beginning around the 1880s, embraced R
4、ussia and Japan. A final round (to present) included the rapid industrialization of the rest of the Pacific Rim (especially South Korea and Taiwan) by the 1960s. Various factors shaped the nature of industrialization in each place. In Britain, for example, industrialization succeeded when it depende
5、d on individual inventors and relatively small companies. It began to lag, however, in the corporate climate of the later 19th century. In contrast, Germany surged forward when industrialization featured larger organizations, more impersonal management structures, and collaborative research rather t
6、han artisan-tinkerers. In Germany, the state was also more directly involved in industrialization than in Britain. French industrialization emphasized updated craft products. This reflected not only earlier national specialties, but also less adequate resources in coal, a factor that held heavy indu
7、stry back. Furniture workers, for example, used pre-set designs to turn out furniture quickly, but they resented dilutions of their artistic skill. The United States industrialization depended on immigrant labor. Unlike Germany, however, the United States introduced laws that combated businesses big
8、 enough to throttle competition, though the impact of these laws was uneven. The United States with its huge market also pioneered the new economic stage of mass consumerism that ultimately had a worldwide impact. The consequences of industrialization are, ultimately, global. By the early 19th centu
9、ry, Europes factories pushed back more traditional manufacturing in areas like Latin America and India. At the same time, industrial centers sought new food resources and raw materials, prompting these sectors to expand in places like Chile and Brazil. Gradually, however, other societies copied indu
10、strialization or at least developed an independent industrial sector. Much of 20th-century world history, in fact, involves efforts by societies like India, China, Iran, or Brazil to reduce their dependence on imports and mount a selective export operation through industry. Industrializations enviro
11、nmental impact has also been international. Industrialization quickly affected local water and air quality around factories. Industrial demands for agricultural products, like robber, caused deforestation and soil changes in places like Brazil. These patterns have accelerated as industrial growth ha
12、s spread more widely, creating modern issues such as global warming. The world impact of industrialization, in these senses, remains an unfinished story as the 21st century begins. Given the global impact of industrialization, it is increasingly important that we understand its nature and its conseq
13、uences. Whereas the impact of industrialization is easy to understand on a personal level - how it affects where and how we work or live our lives - it is more difficult to understand its nature on a global level, particularly when its global pattern is so complex. History provides a means toward th
14、is understanding. By understanding the causes, the variations, and the historic consequences of the Industrial Revolution, we can better understand our present circumstances and, hopefully, shape future industrializations for the good. 二、 PART 2 Chinese-English Translation (40 points) Translate the
15、following passage into English. The time for this part is 60 minutes. 2 中国加入 WTO对国内汽车工业的影响 中国的汽车工业大致可以分为两部分：中方独资公司和跨国公司控股的中国公司。中国汽车工业有以下优势：首先，中国在 21世纪将成为世界上最大的消费市场。其次， 中国已建立起完整的汽车工业体系，某些产品已达到 20世纪 90年代国际技术水平。再次，某些进口车型已高度本土化。最后，廉价的劳动力是中国战胜外国竞争者的武器。 中国加入 WTO将对国内汽车工业产生重大积极影响。第一，加入 WTO可以加快汽车市场的发展。第二，加入
16、WTO可以降低用于汽车工业的某些产品的价格。第三，贸易自由化将刺激国际贸易的发展并刺激汽车出口。最后，随着个人成为汽车的主力，加入 WTO将加速私有汽车市场的发展。 中国加入 WTO也将产生消极影响。第一，来自日本、美国、德国、法国、意大利以及其它国 家的大型汽车公司将显示出他们的优势并利用其技术、营销以及运转资金方面的优势。第二，加入 WTO后，市场的快速自由化将使中国的汽车制造商的税收和利润大幅下跌，这将迫使汽车制造商解聘许多雇员。 1992年年末，中国汽车工业在岗人数约为 185万人。第三，税收和利润的萎缩将大幅减少政府征自汽车工业的税收。 1992年，汽车工业的总产值占全年国内工业总产
17、值的 12%。 1997年，汽车工业缴纳利税 200亿人民币，占国民生产总值重要部分。进口的减少将造成关税及其它从国外进口的汽车相关的产品税收的显著下降。最后，一旦跨国公司在中国 建立起销售网络，他们将能够在国内市场上推出许多产品和服务。 工业发展练习试卷 3答案与解析 一、 PART 1 English-Chinese Translation (60 points) Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this part is 120 minutes. 1 【正确答案】 工业的全球化 工业化改变了整个世界，影响
18、了地球上几乎每一个角落。然而，这 种影响的性质却因地而异。要了解工业化的全球性后果，就必须了解各地工业化的差异。 工业化总是发端于某个地区，而不是整个国家，美国南方的工业长期落后于北方的事实便是明证。 19世纪初，其它西欧地区和美国先后步英国后尘，开始了工业革命。欧洲的其它地区如瑞典、荷兰和意大利北部则迟至 19世纪中叶才进入真正的工业革命。 19世纪 80年代左右开始的第二波工业革命，卷入了俄罗斯和日本。从 20世纪 60年代起延续至今的最后一波工业革命，则波及了太平洋沿岸的其它地区 (尤其是韩国和台湾 )。 影响各地工业化性质的因素纷繁复杂 。英国工业化的成功依靠的是发明家们和小公司的力量
19、。但是在 19世纪下半叶大公司形成气候之后，英国便开始落后了。与此相对照，当更大型的机构、更客观的管理结构和合作研究取代了传统的手工艺人后，德国便迅速崛起了。在德国，政府对工业的干预也比英国更加直接。 法国的工业革命更为注重手工艺产品的更新换代。这不仅反映在法国早先一些特有的行业上，而且还因为法国相对匮乏的煤炭储量阻碍了重工业的发展。家具工人按照预先设计好的图样能很快生产出家具，同时又对不能施展自己的手艺痛恨不已。在美国，工业化的发展依赖的是移民劳工。不过 ，与德国不同的是，美国用法律制约了扼杀竞争的大公司，尽管这些法律的影响并不均衡。享有巨大市场的美国，率先进入了大众消费的经济阶段，并最终影
20、响了整个世界。 工业化的结果最终必然是全球性的。 19世纪初，欧洲的工厂把过时的传统制造业转移到拉丁美洲和印度等地区。同时，在工业中心寻求新的食品和原料来源的过程中，智利和巴西等国的相关产业因而得以发展。 其他非欧洲国家也在仿效欧洲的工业革命，或者至少发展自己独立的产业。在 20世纪的大部分时间，印度、中国、伊朗和巴西等国都在致力于减少对进口产品的依赖，并有选择地 发展自己的出口工业。工业革命对环境的影响也是国际性的。工厂周围地区的水和空气的质量都很快受到了影响。工业对橡胶等农业产品的需求，导致了巴西等国森林的减少和土壤的变化。随着工业化的扩展，这种现象也在变本加厉，从而引起了全球变暖等现代问
21、题。在这些意义上，工业化的全球影响并没有随着 21世纪的到来而结束。 鉴于上述工业化的全球影响，我们必须尽快了解工业化的本质及其后果。在个人的层面上，工业化对我们的日常生活的影响自然不难理解，但是，在全球的层面上理清它如此复杂的本质并非易事。好在历史为我们提供了理解工业革命的 手段。我们可以从工业革命的起因、其不同的形式及其历史后果中，更清楚地看到自己所处的环境，并且有望更好地塑造工业化的未来。 【知识模块】 工业发展 二、 PART 2 Chinese-English Translation (40 points) Translate the following passage into E
22、nglish. The time for this part is 60 minutes. 2 【正确答案】 Influence of Chinas WTO Accession on Domestic Automotive Industry Chinas automotive industry can be roughly divided into two factions: purely Chinese companies and Chinese companies working under multinational automotive groups. The Chinese auto
23、motive industry is strong in several aspects. First, China will become the worlds largest consumer of automobiles in the 21st century. Second, China has established a complete automotive industrial system, with some car products reaching international technological levels equivalent to those of the
24、1990s. Third, some imported models have been highly localized. Finally, cheap labor is a weapon that China can use to fight against foreign competitors. Chinas WTO entry will have a good deal of positive influence on domestic automotive industry. First, WTO accession may advance the growth of the au
25、to market. Second, entering the WTO may lower the prices of products used in the automotive industry. Third, trade liberalization will spur the development of international trade and stimulate automobile exports. Finally, the WTO entrance will accelerate the development of the private auto market, a
26、s individuals will be the major force behind auto purchases. Chinas WTO will also have some negative impact. First, giant automotive companies from Japan, the US, Germany, France, Italy and other countries will be able to fully flex their muscles and take advantage of their superiority in technology
27、, marketing and working capital. Second, excessively rapid liberalization of the market after WTO entry will lead to plummeting revenues and profits for Chinas auto makers, which may force car makers into laying off some of their employees. At the end of 1992, Chinas automotive industry employed rou
28、ghly 1.85 million people. Third, the shrinking revenues and profits will also significantly decrease the taxes that the Chinese government can levy on the industry. In 1992, the auto industrys total production value accounted for 12% of the total domestic industrial production value of the year. In
29、1997, the auto industry paid RMB20 billion in taxes, accounting for a crucial portion of the GDP. The decrease in imports will lead to a significant drop in customs taxes and other taxes on automobile-related products imported. Finally, once multinational companies establish sales networks in China, they will be able to launch many products and services onto the domestic market. 【知识模块】 工业发展
