1、托福（作文）模拟试卷 48及答案与解析 Writing Based on Knowledge and Experience 1 In this independent essay question, you will be asked to argue both sides of an issue and then take a stand for one side. You will have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, a good response will require that you w
2、rite a minimum of 300 words. Task - Argue one side advantages and disadvantages - Argue the other side advantages and disadvantages - Take a stand for one of the arguments - Explain the reasons for your preference Question Some students like to take distance-learning courses by computer. Other stude
3、nts prefer to study in traditional classroom settings with a teacher. Consider the advantages of both options, and make an argument for the way that students should organize their schedules. Example Notes Advantages distance - attend class at your convenience - complete assignments at own pace - rep
4、eat lectures Advantages traditional - structured environment - more personal relationship - immediate response to questions - study groups + friendships 2 Some people like to communicate by e-mail and voice mail. Other people like to communicate by telephone or face-to-face. Which type of communicat
5、ion do you prefer, and why? Be sure to include details and examples to support your opinion. Writing Time: 30 minutes Typical Response: 300-350 words Writing Based on Reading and Listening 3 Reading Passage Time: 3 minutes A win-win negotiation is concluded when both parties gain something of value
6、in exchange for making concessions. Although the balance of power may change during the negotiation process, negotiators on both sides must remain open to options that will ultimately allow for a fair exchange. To achieve a resolution that benefits both parties, everyone involved must be willing to
7、listen carefully to each others concerns. To arrive at a conclusion that is good for everyone, negotiators must reveal what they value and what they dont value. Good negotiators look for something that their side does not value but to which the other side assigns a high value. By offering it, they l
8、ose nothing, but the other side gains something, thereby feeling more disposed to concede something that the other side perceives as valuable. In addition to listening for ways to help the other side, everyone has to be aware of the limitations that both sides may bring to the table. There are some
9、options that cannot be explored because they are not possible for one of the parties. For example, a price that does not allow a profit margin for the company that manufactures it is not a point of negotiation, unless the other side can offer a way to increase profits or productivity. If that isnt p
10、ossible, then perhaps a service that saves the buyer money might be a way to balance the firm pricing structure of the goods. A win-win negotiation allows both parties to feel that they made a good deal, but another positive outcome is the way that the people involved feel about each other. In tradi
11、tional bargaining, people on opposite sides of a negotiation tend to view each other as adversaries, a relationship that is often difficult to change after the negotiation has ended and the collaboration is supposed to begin. In a win-win setting, the parties approach the negotiation as colleagues w
12、ho want to support each others success. When the deal has been made and the collaboration begins, the people involved are already committed to working together for their mutual benefit. Question 1, Lecture, CD, Track 14. Now listen to a lecture on the same topic as the passage you have just read. Su
13、mmarize the points made in the reading passage, and then explain how the case study from the lecture supports the reading. Writing Time: 20 minutes Typical Response: 150-225 words 托福（作文）模拟试卷 48答案与解析 Writing Based on Knowledge and Experience 1 【正确答案】 Both distance-learning courses and traditional cla
14、sses provide important but different experiences for college students. On the one hand, there are many advantages to distance-learning courses. One of the most important benefits is the opportunity to attend class on your convenience. This is very important for students who hold full-time jobs since
15、 they can choose to take their classes on a schedule that allows them to continue working. Another advantage is the chance to complete assignments at your own pace. For students who can work more quick than their classmates, it is possible to earn more credits during the semester. A huge advantage t
16、o international students is the option of listen to lectures more than once. On the other hand, there are advantages to attending a traditional class. The structured environment is beneficial, especially for students who are not as highly motivating. In addition, it is more likely that you will deve
17、lop a personal relationship with the teacher, an advantage not only for the course but also after the course when you need a recommendation. By seeing you and talking with you face-to-face, the teacher will remember you better. It is also easier to get an immediate response to questions because you
18、only have to raise your hand instead sending e-mail and waiting for an answer. Last, the opportunity for study groups and friendships is different and more personal when you sit in the same room. Given all the advantages of both types of courses, I think that students would be wise to register for d
19、istance-learning courses and traditional classroom courses during their college experiences. By participating in distance-learning courses, they can work independently in classes that may be more difficult for them, repeating the lectures on computer at convenient times. By attending traditional cla
20、sses, they can get to know the teachers personally and will have good references when they need them. They will also make friends in the class. By sharing information with other students, they can organize their schedules for the following semester, chosing the best classes and including both distan
21、ce-learning and traditional courses. 【知识模块】 写作 2 【正确答案】 Although it can be argued that voice mail and e-mail are more efficient, and in many ways, more convenient, I still prefer to communicate in person, or if that is not possible, by telephone. In my experience, face-to-face interactions are best
22、for a number of reasons. In the first place, when you hear the speakers tone of voice, you are better able to judge the attitude and emotions that can be easily hidden in a written reply. In addition, the exchange is more immediate. Even instant messaging isnt as fast as a verbal interaction in pers
23、on or by phone. E-mail seems efficient; however, sometimes multiple messages over several days are required to clarify the information that a short phone call would have taken care of in one communication. We have all tried to return a voice mail only to hear a recording on the original callers voic
24、e mail. Clearly, no real communication is possible in a situation that allows only one person to talk. Moreover, the body language and the expression on the speakers face often communicate more than the words themselves. Research indicates that more than 80 percent of a message is nonverbal. The way
25、 that a speaker stands or sits can indicate interest or disagreement. The eye contact and the movement of the eyebrows and the mouth can actually communicate the opposite of the words that the speaker is saying. Finally, no technology has succeeded in duplicating a firm handshake to close a deal, a
26、hug to encourage a friend, or a kiss goodbye. Until e-mail and voice mail can provide the subtle communication, the immediate interaction, and the emotional satisfaction of a face-to-face conversation, complete with facial expressions and gestures, I will prefer to talk instead of to type. 【知识模块】 写作
27、 Writing Based on Reading and Listening 3 【听力原文】 Professor: Let me tell you about a case study that is often used as an example of how a win-win situation can be negotiated by both parties. Tony was a computer software designer who had come up with a great idea for a computer game, but his problem w
28、as that he couldnt afford to quit his job while he worked on the game because he had to make a living for his family. He thought it would probably take him about a year to actually complete the programming for the game if he worked in his spare time. Okay. Well, he put together a proposal, and took
29、it to a multinational company that had launched several successful computer games. But the problem was that the company made him a very low offer just a thousand dollars a month for twelve months. And although that would have paid his bills during the time that he would have been working on the prog
30、ram, he knew that the game had a huge potential for return on the companys investment. So he felt like he would be taking all the risk without having the opportunity to share in the reward. But when the company refused to give him any additional upfront money, then, instead of getting angry, Tony we
31、nt back with a counteroffer. He agreed to accept the $12,000 as an advance on the profits that he expected the game to generate. And he suggested that they share the future revenues in a ratio of 40:60 40 percent for Tony and 60 percent for the company. The company was interested, but explained to T
32、ony that they would be investing over a million dollars in order to produce and market the game and would need a larger share in order to proceed. So they agreed on a 30:70 split. And, as it happened, the game was a big success, the company made a huge profit and Tony was able to quit his regular jo
33、b and start his own game design company. So everybody won. They were both able to minimize their risk and increase their profits. 3 【正确答案】 A win-win negotiation is a successful compromise in which both sides improve their situation through mutual cooperation. The key is for one party to offer the ot
34、her party something that they will perceive as valuable but which does not harm the party conceding it. This, in turn, provides an incentive for the other side to make a similar offer. In this way, both sides will win. Unlike traditional negotiations in which the negotiators have an adversarial rela
35、tionship, in a win-win negotiation, they view each other as collaborators who are working toward a mutual goal. After the terms have been agreed upon, it is much more likely that the relationship will continue to develop with a view to cooperating with each other to insure the continuing success of
36、both parties. One case study of a win-win negotiation is often cited as an example. Tony had an idea for a computer game but was unable to develop it because of constraints on his time and limitations in funding. In the negotiations with a large company to produce the game, Tony and the company made
37、 several offers and counteroffers in order to arrive at a mutually beneficial agreement. Although Tony could have become angry about the original offer of $12,000, he made a counteroffer. He agreed to accept their offer if they would concede an additional share of the future revenues. When the compa
38、ny reviewed his counteroffer, they conceded that he should receive a share and offered slightly less than Tony had pro posed. Because they continued to negotiate toward a win-win situation, both parties were able to decrease their risk and increase their revenues, sharing in the success of the game. The company was very pleased with their return on investment, and Tony was able to launch his own game design company. In short, both parties won. 【知识模块】 写作
