1、武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷 4及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Friction between Americas military and its civilian overseers is nothing new. Americas 220-year experiment in civilian control of the military is a recipe for friction. The nations history has seen a series of shifts in decision-making power among the
2、White House, the civilian secretaries and the uniformed elite (精英 ). However, what may seem on the outside an unstable and special system of power sharing has, without a doubt, been a key to two centuries of military success. In the infighting dates to the revolution, George Washington waged a conti
3、nual struggle not just for money, but to control the actual battle plan. The framers of the Constitution sought to clarify things by making the president the “ commander in chief“. Not since Washington wore his uniform and led the troops across the Alleghenies to quell (镇压 ) the Whiskey Rebellion ha
4、s a sitting president taken command in the field. Yet the absolute authority of the president ensures his direct command. The president was boss, and everyone in uniform knew it In the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln dealt directly with his generals, and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton handled administ
5、rative details. Lincoln, inexperienced in military matters, initially deferred (顺 从 ) to his generals. But when their caution proved disastrous, he issued his General War Order No. 1 explicitly commanding a general advance of all Union forces. Some generals, George B. McClellan in particular, bridle
6、d at his hands-on direction. But in constitutional terms, Lincoln was in the right His most important decision was to put Ulysses S. Grant in charge of the Union Army in 1864. Left to its own timetable, the military establishment would never have touched Grant The relationship between the president
7、and his general provides a textbook lesson in civilian control and power sharing. Grant was a general who would take the fight to the enemy, and not second-guess the presidents political decisions. Unlike McClellan, for example, Grant cooperated wholeheartedly in recruiting black soldiers. For his p
8、art, Lincoln did not meddle in operations and did not visit the headquarters in the field unless invited. The balance set up by Grant and Lincoln stayed more or less in place through World War L Not until World War II did the pendulum finally swing back toward the White House. Franklin Roosevelt, wh
9、o had been assistant Navy secretary during World War I, was as well prepared to be commander in chief as any wartime president since George Washington. 1 According to the author, the system of power sharing between the White House and the generals （ A） is unstable and strange （ B） is a guarantee for
10、 American military success （ C） has caused a series of quarrels （ D） undermines the bases Of American military power 2 The phrase “the uniformed elite“ in paragraph one most probably refers to_. （ A） outstanding soldiers （ B） officers （ C） officials （ D） generals 3 According to the passage, Washingt
11、on_. （ A） struggled with the congress only for money （ B） lived up to the code of the constitution that the president was “the commander in chief“ （ C） looked more like a general than a president （ D） did much more than he should as a president 4 Why was the putting of Grant in charge of the Union A
12、rmy an important decision? （ A） Because Lincoln was inexperienced in military affairs, he had to do so. （ B） Grant whole-heartedly believed in Lincoln, and their cooperation proved to be a none-such. （ C） All things considered, Grant was somewhat better than McClellan. （ D） The decision to put Grant
13、 in charge of the Union Army was not against the constitution. 5 In the last paragraph, the author implies that_. （ A） Roosevelt was better prepared to be a wartime president than Lincoln. （ B） in the Second World War, the relationship between the White House and the generalswas intense. （ C） both L
14、incoln and Roosevelt were good wartime presidents, although their actual way of dealing things may be different （ D） George Washington was actually the best president 5 The Commercial Revolution was not confined, of course, to the growth of trade and banking. Included in it also were fundamental cha
15、nges in methods of production. The system of manufacture developed by the craft guilds in the later Middle Ages was rapidly becoming defunct The guilds themselves, dominated by the master craftsmen, had grown selfish and exclusive. Membership in them was commonly restricted to a few privileged famil
16、ies. Besides, they were so completely choked by tradition that they were unable to make adjustments to changing conditions. Moreover, new industries had sprung up entirely outside the guild system. Characteristic examples were mining and smelting and the woolen industry. The rapid development of the
17、se enterprises was stimulated by technical advances, such as the invention of the spinning wheel and the discovery of a new method of making brass, which saved about half of the fuel previously used. In the mining and smelting industries a form of organization was adopted similar to that which has p
18、revailed ever since. But the most typical form of industrial production in the Commercial Revolution was the domestic system , developed first of all in the woolen industry. The domestic system derives its name from the fact that the work was done in the homes of industrial artisans instead of in th
19、e shop of a master craftsman. Since the various jobs in the manufacture of a product were given out on contract, the system is also known as the putting out system. Notwithstanding the petty scale of production, the organization was basically capitalistic. The raw material was purchased by an entrep
20、reneur and assigned to individual worker, each of whom would complete his allotted task for a stipulated payment In the case of the woolen industry the yam would be given out first of all to the spinners, then to the weavers, fullers, and dyer in succession. When the cloth was finally finished, it w
21、ould be taken by the clothier and sold in the open market for the highest price it would bring. 6 According to the article, what changes did the Commercial Revolution bring about? （ A） Methods of production. （ B） Appearance of craft guilds. （ C） Increased trade volume. （ D） Growth of trade, banking
22、and methods of productioa 7 The word “defunct“ in the first paragraph most probably means _ . （ A） popular （ B） obsolete （ C） potential （ D） flourishing 8 According to the article, in which area was it more energy-efficient? （ A） Smelting industry. （ B） Mining industry. （ C） Banking. （ D） Weaving. 9
23、 The author implies that_. （ A） the guild system was more efficient （ B） the domestic system was capitalistic （ C） the technical advances stimulated the guild system （ D） the domestic system was not as efficient as the guild system 10 According to the article, which one of the following statements i
24、s NOT true? （ A） Technical advances stimulated the development of enterprises. （ B） In the woolen industry, weavers would pass on their products to spinners. （ C） The domestic system is also known as the putting out system. （ D） The word “clothier“ is synonymous to “entrepreneur“ in this context. 10
25、 Crossing Wesleyan Universitys campus usually requires walking over colorful messages chalked on the ground. They can be as innocent as meeting announcements, but in a growing number, of cases the language is meant to shock. Its not uncommon, for instance, to see lewd references to professors sexual
26、 preferences scrawled across a path or the mention of the word “ Nig“ that African-American students say make them feel uncomfortable. In response, officials and students at schools are now debating ways to lead their communities away from forms of expression that offend or harass (侵扰 ). In the proc
27、ess, theyre butting up against the difficulties of regulating speech at institutions that pride themselves on fostering open debate. Mr. Bennet of Wesleyan says he had gotten used to seeing occasional chalkings filled with four-letter words. Campus tradition made any horizontal surface not attached
28、to a building a potential billboard. But when chalkings began taking on a more threatening and lewd tone, Bennet decided to act “ This is not acceptable in a workplace and not acceptable in an institution of higher learning, “ Bennet says. For now, Bennet is seeking input about what kind of message-
29、posting policy the school should adopt The student assembly recently passed a resolution saying the “right to speech comes with implicit responsibilities to respect community standards“. Other public universities have confronted problems this year while considering various ways of regulating where s
30、tudents can express themselves. At Harvard Law School, the recent controversy was more linked to the academic setting. Minority students there are seeking to curb what they consider harassing speech in the wake of a series of incidents last spring. At a meeting held by the “Committee on Healthy Dive
31、rsity“ last week, the schools Black Law Students Association endorsed a policy targeting discriminatory harassment It would trigger a review by school officials if there were charges of “ severe or pervasive conduct“ by students or faculty. The policy would cover harassment based on, but not limited
32、 to, factors such as race, religion, creed, sexual orientation, national origin, and ethnicity (种族划分 ). Boston attorney Harvey Silverglate, says other schools have adopted similar harassment policies that are actually speech codes, punishing students for raising certain ideas. “Restricting students
33、from saying anything that would be perceived as very unpleasant by another student continues uninterrupted, “ says Silverglate, who attended the Harvard Law town meeting last week. 11 What is the typical scene found in the campus of Wesleyan University? （ A） Pieces of chalk are scattered everywhere
34、on the ground. （ B） There are some meeting announcements on the billboard. （ C） All kinds of messages are written on the paths. （ D） Some people are shocked by the meeting announcements. 12 From the passage we can see that _ （ A） officials and students are debating whether they should have free spee
35、ch （ B） in the past decade, people did not have any freedom of speech （ C） some students are attacked politically as targets （ D） officials and students are discussing ways of avoiding offending messages 13 Mr. Bennet_. （ A） has gotten used to seeing messages on the billboard （ B） thinks that it is
36、not acceptable to have chalkings on the ground in an institution of higher learning （ C） is looking for a good policy which can guide the way of students message posting （ D） has decided to chalk some messages to fight against the harassing ones 14 The essential of the problem is to_. （ A） stick up
37、for free speech （ B） cleanse the academic setting （ C） cut the throat of free speech （ D） please the minorities 15 What is the policy adopted by many schools after heated debating? （ A） It is for the universities to clamp down on speech concerning racist comments or other forms of inappropriate idea
38、s. （ B） It is to teach students to learn how to express themselves more clearly. （ C） It is to give the minority groups/he right to speak freely. （ D） It is to urge students to discuss problems concerning race, religion, national origin and ethnicity. 15 To get from Kathmandu to the tiny village in
39、Nepal, Dave Irvine-Halliday spent more than two days. When he arrived, he found villagers working and reading around battery-powered lamps equipped with light-emitting diodes, or LEDs the same lamps he had left there in 2000. Irvine-Halliday, an American photonics engineer, was not surprised. He cho
40、se to use LED bulbs because they are rugged, portable, long-lived, and extremely efficient Each of his lamps produces a useful a-mount of illumination from just one watt of power. Villagers use them about four hours each night, then top off the battery by pedaling a generator for half an hour. The c
41、ool, steady beam is a huge improvement over lamps still common in developing Countries. In fact, LEDs have big advantages over familiar incandescent (白炽的 ) lights as well so much so that Irvine-Halliday expects LEDs will eventually take over from Thomas Edisons old lightbulb as the worlds main sourc
42、e of artificial illumination. The dawn of LEDs began about 40 years ago, but early LEDs produced red or green glows suitable mainly for displays in digital clocks and calculators. A decade ago, engineers invented a semiconductor crystal made of an aluminum compound that produced a much brighter red
43、light Around the same time, a Japanese engineer developed the first practical blue LED. This small advance had a huge impact because blue, green, and red LEDs can be combined to create most of the colors of the rainbow, just as that in a color television picture. These days, high-intensity color LED
44、s are showing up everywhere such as the traffic lights. The reasons for the rapid switchover are simple. Incandescent bulbs have to be replaced annually, but LED traffic lights should last five to yen years. LEDs also use 80 to 90 percent less electricity than the conventional signals they replace.
45、Collectively, the new traffic lights save at least 400 .million kilowatt-hours a year in the United States. Much bigger savings await if LEDs can supplant Mr. Edisons bulb at the office and in the living room. Creating a white-light LED that is energy-saving, cheap and appealing has proved a tough e
46、ngineering challenge. But all the major lightbulb makers including General Electric, Philips, and Osram-Sylvania are teaming up with semiconductor manufacturers to make it happen. 16 From the first paragraph, we can see that Dave Irvine-Halliday_. （ A） is a mountain climber （ B） went to that village
47、 to repair the lamps （ C） found the villagers were using the lamps he had given them （ D） has visited the small village several times 17 The author implies that villagers liked LED bulbs very much, because they_. （ A） were given by Irvine-Halliday （ B） are rugged （ C） are cheap （ D） are easily-recha
48、rged 18 What does Irvine-Halliday think of LEDs? （ A） They are cool and steady, but rugged. （ B） They will replace Edisons lightbulbs someday. （ C） They are easily maintained. （ D） They are very cheap. 19 Which of the following statements does not agree with the facts in the passage? （ A） The displa
49、ys in digital clocks and calculators are just produced by early LEDs. （ B） Irvine-Halliday believes that LED will certainly become the worlds main source of artificial light （ C） A decade ago, engineers developed red and blue LEDs, which were regarded as a mile-stone in this research. （ D） It is the blue LED developed by a Japanese engineer that had a great impact on the research process. 20 The passage implies that_. （ A） LED bulbs are still expensive at present （ B） the task of making LED the
