1、考博英语模拟试卷 134及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 The opposite of adaptive divergence is an interesting and fairly common expression of evolution. Whereas related groups of organisms take on widely different characters in becoming adapted to unlike environments in the case of adaptive divergence. We fin
2、d that Unrelated groups of organisms exhibit adaptive convergence when they spot similar modes of life or become suited for special sorts of environments. For example, invertebrate marine animals living firmly attached to the sea bottom or to some foreign object tend to develop a sub- cylindrical or
3、 conical form. This is illustrated by coral individuals, by many sponges, and even by the diminutive tubes of bryozoans. Adaptive convergence in taking this coral-like form is shown by some brachiopods and pelecypods that grew in fixed position. More readily appreciated is the streamlined fitness of
4、 most fishes for moving swiftly through water; they have no neck, the contour of the body is smoothly curved so as to give minimum resistance, and the chief propelling organ is a powerful tail fin. The fact that some fossil reptiles (ichthyosaurs) and modem mammals (whales, dolphins) are wholly fish
5、like in form is an expression of adaptive convergence, for these air-breathing reptiles and mammals, which are highly efficient swimmers, are not closely related to fishes. Unrelated or distantly related organisms that develop similarity of form are sometimes designated as homeomorphs (having same f
6、orm). 1 Organisms that could be classified as homeomorphs are _. （ A） whale and dolphin （ B） halibut and whale （ C） ichthyosaurs and dolphins （ D） invertebrate marine animals and vertebrate marine animals 2 Adaptive convergence and adaptive divergence are _. （ A） manifestations of evolution （ B） bio
7、logical phenomena （ C） ways in which plants and animals adjust to a common environment （ D） demonstrated by brachiopods and pelecypods 3 Ichthyosaurs are _. （ A） mammals that live in the sea （ B） closely related to fishes （ C） fossil reptiles （ D） air-breathing animals 4 Invertebrate marine animals
8、are _. （ A） homeomorphs （ B） conical in form （ C） coral （ D） without bones 4 The great question that this paper will, but feebly, attempt to answer is, What is the creative process? Though much theory has accumulated, little is really known about the power that lies at tile bottom of poetic creation
9、. It is true that great poets and artists produce beauty by employing all the powers of personality and by fusing emotions, reason, and intuitions. But what is the magical synthesis that joins and arranges these complex parts into poetic unity? John L. Lowes, in his justly famous The Road to Xanadu,
10、 developed one of the earliest and still generally acceptable answers to this tantalizing question. Imaginative creation, he concludes, is a complex process in which the conscious and unconscious minds “jointly operate.“ “There isthe deep well with its chaos of fortuitously blending images; but ther
11、e is likewise the Vision which sees shining in and through the chaos the potential lines of Form, and with the Vision, the controlling Will, which gives to that potential beauty actuality.“ The Deep Well is the unconscious mind that is peopled with the facts, ideas, feelings of conscious activity. T
12、he imaginative vision, an unconscious activity, shines through the land of chaos, of lights and shadows, silently seeking pattern and form. Finally, the conscious mind again, through Will, captures and embodies the idea in the final work of art. In this way is unity born out of chaos. Though there c
13、an be no absolute certainty, there is general agreement that the periods in the development of a creative work parallel, to some extent, Lowes theory of Well, Vision, Form, and Will. There are at least three stages in the creative process: preparation, inspiration, work. In a sense, the period of pr
14、eparation is all of the writers life. It is the Deep Well. It is especially a period of concentration which gives the unconscious mind an opportunity to communicate with the conscious mind. When remembrance of things past reaches the conscious level of the writers mind, he is ready to go on with the
15、 process. Part of this preparation involves learning a medium-learning a language, learning how to write, learning literary forum. It is important to note here that form cannot be imposed upon the idea. Evidence, though sparse, shows that the idea gives birth to the form that can best convey it. It
16、is the Vision, according to Lowes, “which sees shining in and through the chaos the potential lines of Form “ 5 When remembrance of things past reaches the conscious level, the poet has reached the stage called _. （ A） Well （ B） Vision （ C） Form （ D） Will 6 Which of the following statements is true?
17、 （ A） The form determines the subject matter. （ B） The idea determines the form. （ C） Vision makes beauty an actuality. （ D） A writers period of preparation is spent at school. 7 Fortuitously in the third paragraph means _. （ A） accidentally （ B） luckily （ C） thoroughly （ D） unconsciously 8 The reme
18、mbrance of things past is carried on in the _. （ A） Deep Well （ B） Vision （ C） chaotic lights and shadows （ D） Form 8 Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been connected to other landmasses, the great variety of plants in Hawaii must be a result of the long-distance dispersal of seeds, a process th
19、at requires both a method of transport and an equivalence between the ecology of the source area and that of the recipient area. There is some dispute about the method of transport involved. Some biologists argue that ocean and air currents are responsible for the transport of plant seeds to Hawaii.
20、 Yet the results of flotation experiments and the low temperatures of air currents cast doubt on these hypotheses. More probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. W
21、hile it is likely that fewer varieties of plant seeds have reached Hawaii externally than internally, more varieties are known to be adapted to external than to internal transport. 9 The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _. （ A） discussing different approaches biologists have taken t
22、o testing theories about the distribution of plants in Hawaii （ B） discussing different theories about the transport of plant seeds to Hawaii （ C） discussing the extent to which air currents are responsible for the dispersal of plant seeds to Hawaii （ D） resolving a dispute about the adaptability of
23、 plant seeds to bird transport 10 The author mentions the results of flotation experiments on plant seeds most probably in order to _. （ A） support the claim that the distribution of plants in Hawaii is the result of the long distance dispersal of seeds （ B） lend credibility to the thesis that air c
24、urrents provide a method of transport for plant seeds to Hawaii （ C） suggest that the long-distance dispersal of seeds is a process that requires long periods of time （ D） challenge the claim that ocean currents are responsible for the transport of plant seeds to Hawaii 11 It can be inferred from in
25、formation in the passage that the existence in alpine regions of Hawaii of a plant species that also grows in the southwestern United States would justify which of the following conclusions? （ A） The ecology of the southwestern United States is similar in important respects to the ecology of alpine
26、regions of Hawaii. （ B） There are ocean currents that flow from the southwestern United States to Hawaii. （ C） The plant species discovered in Hawaii must have traveled from the southwestern United States only very recently. （ D） The plant species discovered in Hawaii reached there by attaching to t
27、he feathers of birds migrating from the southwestern United States. 12 The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions? （ A） Why does successful long-distance dispersal of plant seeds require equivalence between the ecology of the source area and that of the recipient
28、 area? （ B） Why are more varieties of plant seeds adapted to external rather than to internal bird transport? （ C） What varieties of plant seeds are birds that fly long distances most likely to swallow? （ D） What is a reason for accepting the long-distance dispersal of plant seeds as an explanation
29、for the origin of Hawaii flora? 12 A serious critic has to comprehend the particular content, unique structure, and special meaning of a work of art. And here she faces a dilemma. The critic must recognize the artistic element of uniqueness that requires subjective reaction; yet she must not be undu
30、ly prejudiced by such reactions. Her likes and dislikes are less important than what the work itself communicates, and her preferences may blind her to certain qualities of the work and thereby prevent an adequate understanding of it. Hence, it is necessary that a critic develop a sensibility inform
31、ed by familiarity with the history of art and aesthetic theory. On the other hand, it is insufficient to treat the artwork solely historically, in relation to a fixed set of ideas or values. The critics knowledge and training are, rather, a preparation of the cognitive and emotional abilities needed
32、 for all adequate personal response to an artworks own particular qualities. 13 According to the author, a serious art critic may avoid being prejudiced by her subjective reactions if she _. （ A） treats an artwork in relation to a fixed set of ideas and values （ B） brings to her observation a knowle
33、dge of art history and aesthetic theory （ C） allows more time for the observation of each artwork （ D） takes into account the preferences of other art critics 14 The author implies that it is insufficient to treat a work of in solely historically because _. （ A） doing so would lead the critic into a
34、 dilemma （ B） doing so can blind the critic to some of the artworks unique qualities （ C） doing so can insulate the critic from personally held beliefs （ D） subjective reactions can produce a biased response 15 The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the foll
35、owing statements? （ A） Art speaks to the passions as well as to the intellect. （ B） Most works of art express unconscious wishes or desires. （ C） The best art is accessible to the greatest number of people. （ D） The art produced in the last few decades is of inferior quality. 16 The authors argument
36、 is developed primarily by the use of _. （ A） an attack on sentimentality （ B） an example of successful art criticism （ C） a critique of artists training （ D） a warning against extremes in art criticism 16 Simone de Beauvoirs work greatly influenced Betty Friedans-indeed, made it possible. Why, then
37、, was it Friedan who became the prophet of womens emancipation in the United States? Political conditions, as well as a certain anti-intellectual bias, prepared Americans and the American media to better receive Friedans deradicalized and highly pragmatic The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963, th
38、an Beauvoirs theoretical reading of womens situation in The Second Sex. In I953 when The Second Sex first appeared in translation in the United States, the country had entered the silent, fearful fortress of the anticommunist McCarthy years (1950-1954), and Beauvoir was suspected of Marxist sympathi
39、es. Even The Nation, a generally liberal magazine, warned its readers against “certain political leanings“ of the author. Open acknowledgement of the existence of womens oppression was too radical for the United States in the fifties, and Beauvoirs conclusion, that change in womens economic conditio
40、n, though insufficient by itself, “remains time basic factor“ in improving womens situation, was particularly unacceptable. 17 According to the passage, one difference between The Feminine Mystique and The Second Sex is that Friedans book _. （ A） rejects the idea that women are oppressed （ B） provid
41、es a primarily theoretical analysis of womens lives （ C） does not reflect the political beliefs of its author （ D） concentrates on the practical aspects of the question of womens emancipation 18 Tile author quotes from The Nation most probably in order to _. （ A） modify an earlier assertion （ B） poi
42、nt out a possible exception to her argument （ C） illustrate her central point （ D） clarify the meaning of a term 19 It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is not a factor in the explanation of why The Feminine Mystique was received more positively in the United States than w
43、as The Second Sex? （ A） By 1963 political conditions in the United States had changed. （ B） Friedans book was less intellectual and abstract than Beauvoirs （ C） Readers did not recognize the powerful influence of Beauvoirs book on Friedans ideas. （ D） Friedans approach to the issue of womens emancip
44、ation was less radical than Beauviors. 20 According to the passage, Beauvoirs book asserted that the status of women _. （ A） is the outcome of political oppression （ B） is inherently tied to their economic condition （ C） can be best improved under a communist government （ D） is a theoretical, rather
45、 than a pragmatic, issue 二、 Structure and Vocabulary 21 The _ of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the country. （ A） clash （ B） clarify （ C） clarity （ D） clatter 22 Business in this area has been _ because prices are too high. （ A） prosperous （ B） secretive （ C） slack （
46、 D） shrill 23 He told a story about his sister who was in a sad _ when she was ill and had no money. （ A） plight （ B） polarization （ C） plague （ D） pigment 24 He added a _ to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm. （ A） presidency （ B） prestige （ C） postscript （ D） preliminary 25 Some
47、 linguists believe that the _ age for children learning a foreign language is 5 to 8. （ A） optimistic （ B） optional （ C） optimal （ D） oppressed 26 It all started in 1950, when people began to build their houses on the _ of their cities. （ A） paradises （ B） omissions （ C） orchards （ D） outskirts 27 T
48、he meeting was _ over by the mayor of the city. （ A） presumed （ B） proposed （ C） presented （ D） presided 28 The crowd _ into the hall and some had to stand outside. （ A） outgrew （ B） overthrew （ C） overpassed （ D） overflew 29 It was clear that the storm _ his arrival by two hours. （ A） retarded （ B）
49、 retired （ C） refrained （ D） retreated 30 This problem should be discussed first, for it takes _ over all the other issues. （ A） precedence （ B） prosperity （ C） presumption （ D） probability 31 Her sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depression was _. （ A） torrent （ B） transient （ C） tensile （ D） textured 32 Nobody knew how he came up with this _ idea about the trip. （ A） weary （ B） twilight （ C
