1、考博英语模拟试卷 142及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 To broaden their voting appeal in the Presidential election of 1796, the Federalists selected Thomas Pinckney, a leading South Carolinian, as running mate for the New Englander John Adams. But Pinckneys Southern friends chose to ignore their partys inten
2、tions and regarded Pinckney as a Presidential candidate, creating a political situation that Alexander Hamilton was determined to exploit. Hamilton had long been wary of Adams stubbornly independent brand of politics and preferred to see his running mate, over whom he could exert more control, in th
3、e Presidents chair. The election was held under the system originally established by the Constitution. At that time there was but a single tally, with the candidate receiving the largest number of electoral votes declared President and the candidate with the second largest number declared Vice Presi
4、dent. Hamilton anticipated that all the Federalists in the North would vote for Adams and Pinckney equally in an attempt to ensure that Jefferson would not be either first or second in the voting. Pinckney would be solidly supported in the South while Adams would not. Hamilton concluded if it were p
5、ossible to divert a few electoral votes from Adams to Pinckney, Pinckney would receive more than Adams, yet both Federalists would outpoll Jefferson. Various methods were used to persuade the electors to vote as Hamilton wished. In the press, anonymous articles were published attacking Adams for his
6、 monarchial tendencies and Jefferson for being overly democratic, while pushing Pinckney as the only suitable candidate. In private correspondence with state party leaders the Hamiltonians encouraged the idea that Adams popularity was slipping, that he could not win the election, and that the Federa
7、lists could defeat Jefferson only by supporting Pinckney. Had sectional pride and loyalty not run as high in New England as in the deep South, Pinckney might well have become Washingtons successor. New Englanders, however, realized that equal votes for Adams and Pinckney in their states would defeat
8、 Adams; therefore, eighteen electors scratched Pinckneys name from their ballots and deliberately threw away their second votes to men who were not even running. It was fortunate for Adams that they did, for the electors from South Carolina completely abandoned him, giving eight votes to Pinckney an
9、d eight to Jefferson. In the end, Hamiltons interference in Pinckneys candidacy lost even the Vice-Presidency of South Carolina. Without New Englands support, Pinckney received only 59 electoral votes, finishing third to Adams and Jefferson. He might have been President in 1797, or as Vice President
10、 a serious contender for the Presidency in 1800; instead, stigmatized by a plot he had not devised, he served a brief term in the United States Senate and then dropped from sight as a national influence. 1 The main purpose of the passage is to _. （ A） propose reforms of the procedures for electing t
11、he President and Vice-President （ B） condemn Alexander Hamilton for interfering in the election of 1796 （ C） describe the political events that lead to John Adams victory in the 1796 Presidential election （ D） contrast the political philosophy of the Federalists to that of Thomas Jefferson 2 Accordi
12、ng to the passage, which of the following was true of the Presidential election of 1796? （ A） Thomas Jefferson received more electoral votes than did Thomas Pinckney. （ B） John Adams received strong support from the electors of South Carolina. （ C） Alexander Hamilton received most of the electoral v
13、otes of New England. （ D） Thomas Pinckney was selected by Federalist party leaders to be the partys Presidential candidate. 3 The overall development of the passage can best be described as _. （ A） refuting possible explanations for certain phenomena （ B） documenting a thesis with specific examples
14、（ C） offering an explanation of a series of events （ D） making particular proposals to solve a problem 4 It can be inferred that had South Carolina not east any electoral votes for Jefferson, the outcome of the 1796 election would have been a _. （ A） larger margin of victory for John Adams （ B） vict
15、ory for Thomas Jefferson （ C） Federalist defeat in the Senate （ D） victory for Thomas Pinckney 5 The electors who scratched Pinckneys name from their ballots behaved most like which of the following people? （ A） A newspaper publisher who adds a special section to the Sunday edition to review the wee
16、ks political events. （ B） A member of the clergy who encourages members of other faiths to meet to discuss solutions to the communitys problems. （ C） An artist who saves preliminary sketches of an important work even after the work is finally completed. （ D） A general who orders his retreating troop
17、s to destroy supplies they must leave behind so they cannot be used by the enemy. 5 The liberal view of democratic citizenship that developed in the 17th and 18th centuries was fundamentally different from that of the classical Greeks. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as
18、possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligations and involvement in the collective community that were emphasized by the Greeks. Freedom was to be realized by limiting the scope of governmental activity and political obligation and not
19、through immersion in the collective life of the polis. The basic role of the citizen was to select governmental leaders and keep the powers and scope of public authority in check. On the liberal view, the. rights of citizens against the state were the focus of special emphasis. Over time, the libera
20、l democratic notion of citizenship developed in two directions. First, there was a movement to increase the proportion of members of society who were eligible to participate as citizens-especially through extending the right of suffrage-and to ensure the basic political equality of all. Second, ther
21、e was a broadening of the legitimate activities of government and a use of governmental power to redress imbalances in social and economic life. Political citizenship became an instrument through which groups and classes with sufficient numbers of votes could use the state power to enhance their soc
22、ial and economic well-being. Within the general liberal view of democratic citizenship, tensions have developed over the degree to which government can and should be used as an instrument for promoting happiness and well-being. Political philosopher Martin Diamond has categorized two views of democr
23、acy as follows. On the one hand, there is the “libertarian“ perspective that stresses the private pursuit of happiness and emphasizes the necessity for restraint on government and protection of individual liberties. On the other hand, there is the “majoritarian“ view that emphasizes the “task of the
24、 government to uplift and aid the common man against the malefactors of great wealth.“ The tensions between these two views are very evident today. Taxpayer revolts and calls for smaller government and less government regulation clash with demands for greater government involvement in the economic m
25、arketplace and the social sphere. 6 The authors primary purpose is to _. （ A） study ancient concepts of citizenship （ B） contrast different notions of citizenship （ C） criticize modern libertarian democracy （ D） describe the importance of universal suffrage 7 It can be inferred from the passage that
26、 the Greek word polis means _. （ A） family life （ B） military service （ C） marriage （ D） political community 8 The author cites Martin Diamond in paragraph 3 because the author _. （ A） regards Martin Diamond as an authority on political philosophy （ B） wishes to refute Martin Diamonds views on citiz
27、enship （ C） needs a definition of the term “citizenship“ （ D） is unfamiliar with the distinction between libertarian and majoritarian concepts of democracy 9 According to the passage, all of the following are characteristics of the liberal idea of government that would distinguish the liberal idea o
28、f government from the Greek idea of government EXCEPT _. （ A） the emphasis on the rights of private citizens （ B） the activities government may legitimately pursue （ C） the obligation of citizens to participate in government （ D） the size of the geographical area controlled by a government 10 A majo
29、ritarian would be most likely to favor legislation that would _. （ A） eliminate all restrictions on individual liberty （ B） cut spending for social welfare programs （ C） provide greater protection for consumers （ D） lower taxes on the wealthy and raise taxes on the average worker 10 The Aleuts, resi
30、ding on several islands of the Aleutian Chain, the Pribilof islands, and the Alaskan Peninsula, have possessed a written language since 1825, when the Russian missionary Ivan Veniaminov selected appropriate characters of the Cyrillic alphabet to represent Aleut speech sounds, recorded the main body
31、of Aleut vocabulary, and formulated grammatical rules. The Czarist Russian conquest of the proud, independent sea hunters was so devastatingly thorough that tribal traditions, even tribal memories, were almost obliterated. The slaughter of the majority of an adult generation was sufficient to destro
32、y the continuity of tribal knowledge, which was dependent upon oral transmission. As a consequence, the Aleuts developed a fanatical devotion to their language as their only cultural heritage. The Russian occupation placed a heavy linguistic burden on the Aleuts. Not only were they compelled to lear
33、n Russian to converse with their overseers and governors, but they had to learn Old Slavonic to take an active part in church services as well as to master the skill of reading and writing their own tongue. In 1867, when the United States purchased Alaska, the Aleuts were unable to break sharply wit
34、h their immediate past and substitute English for any one of their three languages. To communicants of the Russian Orthodox Church a knowledge of Slavonic remained vital, as did Russian, the language in which one conversed with the clergy. The Aleuts came to regard English education as a device to w
35、ean them from their religious faith. The introduction of compulsory English schooling caused a minor renascence of Russian culture as the Aleut parents sought to counteract the influence of the schoolroom. The harsh life of the Russian colonial rule began to appear more happy and beautiful in retros
36、pect. Regulations forbidding instruction in any language other than English increased its unpopularity, The superficial alphabetical resemblance of Russian and Aleut linked the two tongues so closely that every restriction against teaching Russian was interpreted as an attempt to eradicate the Aleut
37、 tongue. From the wording of many regulations, it appears that American administrators often had not the slightest idea that the Aleuts were clandestinely reading and writhing their own tongue or even had a written language of their own. To too many officials, anything in Cyrillic letters was Russia
38、n and something to be stamped out. Bitterness bred by abuses and the exploitations the Aleuts suffered from predatory American traders and adventurers kept alive the Aleut resentment against the language spoken by Americans. Gradually, despite the failure to emancipate the Aleuts from a sterile past
39、 by relating the Aleut and English languages more closely, the passage of years has assuaged the bitter misunderstandings and caused an orientation away from Russian toward English as their second language, but Aleut continues to be the language that molds their thought and expression. 11 The author
40、 is primarily concerned with describing _. （ A） the Aleuts loyalty to their language and American failure to understand it （ B） Russian and United States treatment of Alaskan inhabitants both before and after 1867 （ C） how the Czarist Russian occupation of Alaska created a written language for the A
41、leuts （ D） United States government attempts to persuade the Aleuts to use English as a second language 12 According to the passage, which of the following was the most important reason for the Aleuts devotion to their language? （ A） Invention of a written version of their language. （ B） Introductio
42、n of Old Slavonic for worship. （ C） Disruption of oral transmission of tribal knowledge. （ D） Institution of compulsory English education. 13 The passage is developed primarily by _. （ A） testing the evidence supporting a theory （ B） describing causes and effects of events （ C） weighing the pros and
43、 cons of a plan （ D） projecting the future consequences of a decision 14 Which of the following statements about the religious beliefs of the Aleuts can be inferred from the passage? （ A） Prior to the Russian occupation they had no religious beliefs. （ B） American traders and adventurers forced them
44、 to abandon all religious beliefs. （ C） At no time in their history have the Aleuts had an organized religion. （ D） The Russians forced Aleuts to become members of the Russian Orthodox Church. 15 Distributing which of the following publications would be most likely to encourage Aleuts to make more u
45、se of English? （ A） Russian translations of English novels. （ B） English translation of Russian novels. （ C） An English-Russian bilingual text devoted to important aspects of Aleutian culture. （ D） An Aleut-English bilingual text devoted to important aspects of Aleutian culture. 15 Two techniques ha
46、ve recently been developed to simplify research and reduce the number of nonhuman primates needed in studies of certain complex hormonal reactions. One technique involves the culturing of primate pituitary cells and the cells of certain human turnouts. In the other, animal oviduct tissue is transpla
47、nted under the skin of laboratory primates. Both culturing techniques complement existing methods of studying intact animals. With an in vitro culturing technique, researchers are deciphering how biochemical agents regulate the secretion of prolactin, the pituitary hormone that promotes milk product
48、ion. The cultured cells survive for as long as a month, and they do not require serum, a commonly used culture ingredient that can influence cellular function and confound study results. One primate pituitary gland may yield enough cells for as many as 72 culture dishes, which otherwise would requir
49、e as many animals. The other technique allows scientists to monitor cellular differentiation in the reproductive tracts of female monkeys. While falling short of the long-sought goal of developing an in vitro model of the female reproductive system, the next-best alternative was achieved. The method involves transplanting oviduct tissue to an easily accessible site under the skin, where the grafted cells behave exactly as if they were in their normal environment. In about 80 percent of the grafts, blood vessels i
