1、考博英语模拟试卷 148及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 War has escaped the battlefield and now can, with modern guidance systems on missiles, touch virtually every square yard of the earths surface. War has also lost most of its utility in achieving the traditional goals of conflict. Control of territory car
2、ries with it the obligation to provide subject peoples certain administrative, health, education, and other social services. Such obligations far outweigh the benefits of control. If the ruled population is ethnically or racially different from the rulers, tensions and chronic unrest often exist whi
3、ch further reduce the benefits and increase the costs of domination. Large populations no longer necessarily enhance state power and, in the absence of high levels of economic development, can impose severe burdens on food supply, jobs, and the broad range of services expected of modern governments.
4、 The noneconomic security reasons for the control of territory have been progressively undermined by the advances of modern technology. The benefits of forcing another nation to surrender its wealth are vastly outweighed by the benefits of persuading that nation to produce and exchange goods and ser
5、vices. In brief, imperialism no longer pays. Making war has been one of the most persistent of human activities in the 80 centuries since men and women settled in cities and thereby became “civilized“, but the modernization of the past 80 years has fundamentally changed the role and function of war.
6、 In premodernized societies, successful warfare brought significant material rewards, the most obvious of which were the stored wealth of the defeated. Equally important was human labor-control over people as slaves or levies for the victors army, and there was the productive capacity-agricultural l
7、ands and mines. Successful warfare also produced psychic benefits. The removal or destruction of a threat brought a sense of security, and power gained over others created pride and national self-esteem. War was accepted in the premodernized society as a part of the human condition, a mechanism of c
8、hange, and an unavoidable, even noble, aspect of life. The excitement and drama of war made it a vital part of literature and legends. 1 According to the passage, leaders of premodernized society considered war to be _. （ A） a valid tool of national policy （ B） an immoral act of aggression （ C） econ
9、omically wasteful and socially unfeasible （ D） restricted in scope to military participants 2 The author most likely places the word “civilized” in quotation marks (in paragraph 2) in order to _. （ A） show dissatisfaction at not having found a better word （ B） acknowledge that the word was borrowed
10、from another source （ C） express irony that war should be a part of civilization （ D） raise a question about the value of war in modernized society 3 The author mentions all of the following as possible reasons for going to war in a premodernized society EXCEPT _. （ A） possibility of material gain （
11、 B） total annihilation of the enemy and destruction of enemy territory （ C） potential for increasing the security of the nation （ D） desire to capture productive farming lands 4 The tone of the passage could best be described as _. （ A） outraged and indignant （ B） scientific and detached （ C） humoro
12、us and wry （ D） concerned and optimistic 4 The poetry of Gwendolyn Brooks has been praised for deepening the significance of personal and social experiences so that these experiences become universal in their implication. She has also been praised for her “sense of form, which is basic and remarkabl
13、e“. Many of her poems are concerned with a Black community named Bronzeville, on the south side of Chicago. Her literary skill makes Bronzeville more than just a place on a map. This community, like all important literary places (Robinsons Tilbury Town and Masters Spoon River, for example), becomes
14、a testing ground of personality, a place where the raw material of experience is shaped by imagination and where the joys and trials of being human are both sung and judged. The qualities for which Brookss poetry is noted are (as one critic has pointed out) “boldness, invention, a daring to experime
15、nt, and a naturalness that does not scorn literature but absorbs it“. Her love for poetry began early. At the age of seven, she “began to put rhymes together“, and when she was thirteen, one of her poems was published in a childrens magazine. During her teens she contributed more than seventy-five p
16、oems to a Chicago newspaper. In 1941 she began to attend a class in writing poetry at the South Side Community Art Center, and several years later, her poems began to appear in Poetry and other magazines. Her first collection of poems. A Street in Bronzeville was published in 1945. Four years later,
17、 Annie Allen, her second collection of poems, appeared. In 1950, Annie Allen was awarded a Pulitzer prize for poetry. A novel, Maud Martha, about a young Black girl growing up in Chicago, published in 1953, was praised for its warmth and insights. In 1963, her Selected Poems appeared. 5 The main sub
18、ject of the passage is Gwendolyn Brookss _. （ A） personal background （ B） literary achievements （ C） hometown （ D） childhood 6 According to the passage, Brooks often _. wrote about a community called _. （ A） South Side （ B） Tilbury Town （ C） Spoon River （ D） Bronzeville 7 Why does the author mention
19、 Tilbury Town and Spoon River? （ A） To give credit to two great writers. （ B） To provide examples of important literary places. （ C） To suggest similarities between Brookss style and that to other authors. （ D） To encourage the reader to read Robinson and Masters. 8 The author uses quotations in the
20、 first paragraph primarily to _. （ A） help describe Brookss poetry （ B） introduce biographical information about Brooks （ C） present opposing points of view about Brookss work （ D） state little-known facts about Brookss novel 8 Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means b
21、y which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a very complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, trans
22、portation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the “system“ of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else. If one were to a
23、sk a group of randomly selected individuals to define “price“, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition i
24、s, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer anti the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or
25、 service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In othe
26、r words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total “package“ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price. 9 What is the best title for the passage? （ A） The Inherent Weaknesses of the Price System （ B） T
27、he Complexities of the Price System （ C） Credit Terms in Transactions （ D） Resource Allocation and the Public Sector 10 According to the passage, the price system is related primarily to _. （ A） labor and education （ B） transportation and insurance （ C） utilities and repairs （ D） products and servic
28、es 11 According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a factor in the complete understanding of price? （ A） Instructions that come with a product. （ B） The quantity of a product. （ C） The quality of a product. （ D） Warranties that cover a product. 12 The paragraph following the passage most
29、likely discusses _. （ A） unusual ways to advertise products （ B） types of payment plans for service （ C） theories about how products affect different levels of society （ D） how certain elements of a price “package“ influence its market value 12 In width of scope, Yeats far exceeds any of his contemp
30、oraries. He is the only poet since the 18th century who has been a public man in his own country and the only poet since Milton who has been a public man at a time when his country was involved in a struggle for political liberty. This may not seem an important matter, but it is a question whether t
31、he kind of life lived by poets for the last two hundred years or so has not been one great reason for the drift of poetry away from the life of the community as a whole, and the loss of touch with tradition. Once the life of contemplation has been divorced from the life of action, or from real knowl
32、edge of men of action, something is lost which it is difficult to define, but which leaves poetry enfeebled and incomplete. Yeats responded with all his heart as a young man to the reality and the romance of Irelands struggle but he lived to be completely disillusioned about the value of the Irish r
33、ebellion. He saw his dreams of liberty blotted out in horror by “the innumerable clanging wings that have put out the moon“. It brought him to the final conclusion of the futility of all discipline that is not of the wlaole being, and of “how base at moments of excitement are minds without culture“.
34、 But he remained a man to whom the life of action always meant something very real. 13 The title below that best expresses the main idea of this paragraph is _. （ A） The Basis of True Poetry （ B） The Necessity of Culture （ C） Action Versus Contemplation （ D） Yeats as a Poet and Patriot 14 Yeats was
35、primarily a _. （ A） soldier （ B） man of action （ C） dreamer （ D） rigid disciplinarian 15 The writer implies that _. （ A） Yeats had a limited political viewpoint （ B） Yeats was convinced of the value of the Irish Rebellion （ C） modern poets must be men of inaction （ D） as compared with older poetry,
36、present-day poetry is ineffectual 16 According to the writer of the paragraph, great poetry is most often produced by poets who _. （ A） are involved in the problems of life around them （ B） spend their time in contemplation （ C） drift away from the community （ D） break away from tradition 16 An orat
37、or, whose purpose is to persuade men, must speak the things they wish to hear, an orator, whose purpose is to move men, must also avoid disturbing the emotional effect by any obtrusion of intellectual antagonism, but an author, whose purpose is to instruct men, who appeals to the intellect, must be
38、careless of their opinions and think only of truth. It will often be a question when a man is or is not wise in advancing an unpalatable opinion, or in preaching heresies. But it can never be a question that a man should be silent if unprepared to speak the truth as he conceives it. Deference to pop
39、ular opinion is one great source of bad writing and is all the more disastrous because the deference is paid to some purely hypothetical requirement. When a man fails to see the truth of certain generally accepted views, there is no law compelling him to provoke animosity by announcing his dissent.
40、He may be excused if he shrink from the lurid glory of martyrdom. He may be justified in not placing himself in a position of singularity. He may even be commended for not helping to perplex mankind with doubts which he feels to be founded on limited and possibly erroneous investigation. But if alle
41、giance to truth lays no stern command upon him to speak out his immature dissent, it does lay a stern command not to speak out hypocritical assent. There are many justifications of silence, there can be none of insincerity. 17 A man who dissents with generally accepted views _. （ A） should announce
42、his dissent （ B） should be willing to be persecuted by others （ C） should assent to the accepted view to achieve harmony （ D） must be sincere 18 To persuade people, it is wise to _. （ A） show them their errors （ B） avoid disturbing their peace of mind （ C） tell them what they want to hear （ D） voice
43、 heresies 19 A good teacher _. （ A） disregards the reaction of his audience （ B） appeals to emotions （ C） tells his listeners what they already think （ D） is heretical 20 Among the justifications for silence, the author does not include _. （ A） dishonesty （ B） humility （ C） modesty （ D） fear 二、 Engl
44、ish-Chinese Translation 20 Desertification in the arid United Statse is flagrant. Groundwater supplies beneath vast stretches of land are dropping precipitously. Whole river systems have dried up. Others are chocked with sediment washed from denuded land. 21. Hundreds of thousands of acres of previo
45、usly irrigated cropland have been abandoned to wind or weeds. Several million acres of natural grassland are eroding at unnaturally high rates as a result of cultivation or overgrazing. All told, about 225 million acres of land are undergoing severe desertification. 22. Federal subsidies encourage t
46、he exploitation of arid land resources. Low-interest loans for irrigation and other water delivery systems encourage farmers, industry, and municipalities to mine groundwater. Federal disaster relief and commodity programs encourage arid-land farmers to plow up natural grassland to plant crops such
47、as wheat and, especially cotton. Federal grazing fees that are well below the free market price encourage overgrazing of the commons. The market, too, provides powerful incentives to exploit arid land resources beyond their carrying capacity. 23. When commodity prices are high relative to the farmer
48、s or ranchers operating costs, the return on a production-enhancing investment is invaribly greater than the return on a conservation investment. And when commodity prices are relatively low, arid land ranchers and farmers often have to use all their available financial resources to stay solvent. 24
49、. If the United States is, as it appears, well on its way toward overdrawing the arid land resources, then the policy choice is simply to pay now for the appropriate remedies or pay far more later, when productive benefits from arid land resources have been both realized and largely terminated. 三、 Chinese-English Translation 25 如今，计算机在社会上起着重要的作用。它们明显地改变了我们工作、学习和购物的方式。但是，尽管计算机产业正给我们带来以往梦想不到的好处，它也造成一些严重问题。譬如说，人们越来越担心电子通讯方面不道德的行为。盗版、窃取数据以及病毒破坏活动十分猖獗。这些行为应视作犯罪吗 ?我们怎样才能制止这些行为 ?人们的另一
