1、考博英语模拟试卷 149及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Although vocal cords are lacking in cetaceans, phonation is undoubtedly centered in the larynx. The toothed whales or odontocetes (sperm whales and porpoises) are much more vociferous than the whalebone whales, or mysticetes. In this country observers ha
2、ve recorded only occasional sounds from two species of mysticetes (the humpback and right whale). A Russian cetologist reports hearing sounds from at least five species of whalebone whales but gives no details of the circumstances or descriptions of the sounds themselves. Although comparison of the
3、sound-producing apparatus in the two whale groups cannot yet be made, it is interesting to note that the auditory centers of the brain are much more highly developed in the odontocetes than in the mysticetes, in fact, to a degree unsurpassed by any other mammalian group. 1 Which of the following ani
4、mals has the most highly developed auditory center in the brain? （ A） Elephants. （ B） Humpback whales. （ C） Racoons. （ D） Sperm whales. 2 The noises produced by whales _. （ A） are produced in the upper part of the windpipe （ B） are louder than those of other sea animals （ C） are used to locate their
5、 mates （ D） can be heard only by other whales 3 According to the information given _. （ A） porpoises have vocal cords but right whales do not （ B） Russians report vocal cords in five species of whales （ C） there is a correlation between vocal cords and auditory areas of the brain （ D） whales do not
6、have vocal cords 4 In which of the following is the auditory center of the brain most highly developed? （ A） Humpback whale. （ B） Right whale. （ C） Sperm whale. （ D） Whalebone whale. 4 Then felt like some watcher of the skies When a new planet swims into his ken, Or like stout Cortez, when with eagl
7、e eyes He stared at the Pacific-and all his men Looked at each other with a wild surmise- Silent, upon a peak in Darien. -Keats With these well-loved lines John Keats recognized the most important geographical event in all the world, excepting only the feat of the Admiral Columbus himself. It was th
8、e discovery by European men of a vast sheet of water covering nearly 40 per cent of the globe-the ocean later to be named Pacific by Ferdinand Magellan because of its seeming tranquility. It is too bad that Keats beautiful lines erred in naming stout Cortez instead of the equally stout Balboa, a her
9、o of much courage and perseverance. Too bad it was, too, for the immortal Vasco Nunez de Balboa, that communications in his day were so slow and uncertain. Had they been better he might well have avoided losing his head for his pains in bringing renown to Spain and incalculable new knowledge to the
10、civilized world. For lose it he did, under the axe at the insance of a jealous governor. 5 The author quotes the six lines from John Keats poem to call attention to _. （ A） the beauty of the poetry （ B） Keats historical error （ C） the vastness of the Pacific （ D） the silence in Darien 6 The Pacific
11、Ocean _. （ A） is the largest ocean in the world （ B） is placid （ C） was first seen by man when Balboa looked at it （ D） was seen by Columbus 7 Balboa was _. （ A） mistaken for Cortez （ B） a member of Magellans crew （ C） decapitated （ D） slow and uncertain 8 The feeling described by Keats may best be
12、described as one of _. （ A） amazement （ B） silence （ C） awe （ D） admiration 8 The range in frequencies of musical sounds is approximately 20-20,000 cycles per second (cy/sec). Some people can hear higher frequencies khan others. Longitudinal waves whose frequencies are higher than those within the a
13、udible range are called ultrasonic frequencies. Ultrasonic frequencies are used in sonar for such purposes as submarine detection and depth finding. Ultrasonic frequencies are also being tried for sterilizing food since these frequencies kill some bacteria. Sound waves of all frequencies in the audi
14、ble range travel at the same speed in the same medium. In the audible range, the higher the frequency of the sound the higher is the pitch. The term supersonic refers to speed greater than sound. An airplane traveling at supersonic speed is moving at a speed greater than the speed of sound in air at
15、 that temperature. Mach 1 means a speed equal to that of sound. Mach 2 means a speed equal to twice that of sound, etc. Musical sounds have three basic characteristics: pitch, loudness, and quality or timbre. As was indicated above, pitch is determined largely by the frequency of the wave reaching t
16、he ear. The higher the frequency the higher is the pitch. Loudness depends on the amplitude of the wave reaching the ear. For a given frequency, the greater the amplitude of the wave the louder the sound. To discuss quality of sound we need to clarify the concept of overtones. Sounds are produced by
17、 vibrating objects. If these objects are given a gentle push, they usually vibrate at one definite frequency producing a pure tone. This is the way a tuning fork is usually used. When objects vibrate freely after a force is momentarily applied, they are said to produce their natural frequency. Some
18、objects, like strings and air columns, can vibrate naturally at more than one frequency at a time. The lowest frequency which an object can produce when vibrating freely is known as the objects fundamental frequency. Other frequencies that the object can produce are known as its overtones. The quali
19、ty of a sound depends on the number and relative amplitude of the overtones present in the wave reaching the ear. 9 A soprano would probably have a frequency of _. （ A） 200 cy/see （ B） 5,000 cy/sec （ C） 10,000 cy/sec （ D） 20,000 cy/sec 10 The timbre of a musical sound is dependent on its _. （ A） fun
20、damental （ B） amplitude （ C） frequency （ D） overtones 11 Which of the following individuals would likely use terms like Mach 5 or Mach 9? （ A） Jet pilot. （ B） Musician. （ C） Astronaut. （ D） Submarine navigator. 12 Ultrasonic frequencies are _. （ A） inaudible （ B） excessively fast （ C） characterized
21、by a great amplitude （ D） death rays 12 There are exceptions to the rule of male insects being smaller than the females, and some of these exceptions are intelligible. Size and strength would be an advantage to the males which fight for the possession of the females, and in these cases, as with the
22、stag-beetle (Lucanus), the males are larger than the females. There are, however, other beetles which are not known to fight together, of which the males exceed the females in size, and the meaning of this fact is not known, but in some of these cases, as with the huge Dynastes and Megasoma, we can
23、at least see that there would be no necessity for the males to be smaller than the females, in order to be matured before them, for these beetles are not short-lived, and there would be ample time for the pairing of the sexes. 13 According to the author, _. （ A） male insects are always smaller than
24、females （ B） in a given species nature provides differences between sexes to insure successful reproduction （ C） size and strength protect females from other females （ D） longevity is characteristic of the Dynastes and Megasoma 14 Where male beetles are smaller than female beetles, it is because _.
25、（ A） they have to fight for their mates （ B） they are more intelligent （ C） they are ephemeral creatures （ D） there is ample time for mating 15 The paragraph preceding this one probably _. （ A） discusses a generalization about the size of animals （ B） develops the idea that male insects do not live
26、long after maturity （ C） discusses male and female beetles （ D） emphasizes that beetles are belligerent animals 16 The male Lucanus is particularly _. （ A） adaptable （ B） strong （ C） intelligent （ D） belligerent 16 Agreeable to your request, I send you my reasons for thinking that our northeast stor
27、ms in North America begin first, in point of time, in the southwest parts: that is to say, the air in Georgia, the farthest of our colonies to the Southwest, begins to move southewesterly before the air of Carolina, begins to move southwesterly before the air of Carolina, which is the next colony no
28、rtheastward. The air of Carolina has the same motion before the air of Virginia, which lies still more northeastward, and so on northeasterly through Pennsylvania, New York, New England, the air next the chimney flows in to supply its place, moving towards the chimney. And, in consequence, the rest
29、of the air successively, quite back to the door. Thus to produce our northeast storms, I suppose some great heat and rarefaction of the air in or about the Gulf of Mexico. The air thence rising has its place supplied by the next more northern, cooler, and therefore denser and heavier, air. That bein
30、g in motion is followed by the next more northern air, in a successive current, to which current our coast and inland ridge of mountains give the direction of northeast, as they lie N.E. and S. W. 17 Of the following, this passage was most likely written by _. （ A） a 19th-century meteorologist （ B）
31、Sir Isaac Newton （ C） Benjamin Franklin （ D） an American pioneer 18 The authors account of northeastern storms _. （ A） is a good example of deductive reasoning （ B） draws inferences from observations （ C） is based exclusively on evidence obtained by study and observation （ D） proves his theory concl
32、usively 19 The references to the “great heat and rarefaction of the air in or about the Gulf of Mexico“ provides an explanation of the storms _. （ A） intensity （ B） duration （ C） temperature （ D） path 20 By “rarefaction“ of the air, the author means _. （ A） reduction of the density of the air （ B） p
33、urification of the air （ C） removal of oxygen from the air （ D） the rising of the air 二、 English-Chinese Translation 20 21. The greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and accumulation of a vast body of knowledg
34、e about itself, the world, and the universe. The products of this knowledge are all those things that, in the aggregate, we call “civilization“, including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and the physical infrastructures on which so
35、ciety relies. 22. Most of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves, the world, and the universe. But contin
36、uing reminders of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumption. In the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the statement that “ontogeny recapitula
37、tes phylogeny“-meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a fertilized ovum into a human baby, passes through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed from a state of innocent ignorance, comparabl
38、e to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational system. 23. Implicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in which the accu
39、mulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in specific fields, as if society had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important subjects. Such views have, in fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great American physicist Albert Michelson
40、 said in a talk at the University of Chicago: 24. While it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established and that further ad
41、vances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice The future truths of Physical Science are to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals. 三、 Chinese-English Translation 25 我们都相信人总是要死的，一盏烛光总有一天要熄灭的，我认为这感觉是好的。它使我们清醒，使我们悲
42、哀，它也使某些人感到一些诗意。此外还有一层最为重要：它使我们能够坚定意志，去想过一种合理的、真实的生活，随时使我们感悟到自己的缺点。它也使我们心中安宁，因为一个人的心中有了那种接受恶劣遭遇的准备，才能够获得安宁。 26 绝大多数人是不会把 “欺骗 ”一词和科学联系在一起的。如今科学受到如此尊重，原因之一在于科学家的形象是一个冷静地收集数据、不带任何偏见、寻找真理的 人。在辩论中，不管谈的是关于智力、学校教育、偏见，还是能量，通常说一声“科学上是这么说的 ”，对方就不作声了。 但是，很久以来，科学界一直承认 “欺骗因素 ”的存在，即许多科学家倾向于将数据加工以获取想要得到的结果。在当今科学界的几
43、乎每一个有争议的领域，种族与智力的论战，核能的辩论等等，都可以见到这种倾向。 因此，我们既要倾听 “科学 ”对事物的看法，又不能毫不怀疑地接受。 四、 Writing 27 In this part, you are required to write a composition entitled My View on Brain Drain in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outline: 1人才外流是一种普遍的现象。 2分析人才外流的原因。 3请提出一些防止人才外流的建
44、议。 考博英语模拟试卷 149答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 1 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 巨头鲸的大脑具有非常发达的听觉中枢。答案的依据是： it is interesting to note that the auditory centers of the brain are much more highly developed in the odontocetes than in the mystieetes 。在这个句子中，术语odontocetes指 sperm whales(巨头鲸 )。 2 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 鲸鱼的声音是由上呼吸道
45、发出的。第一段说 ，尽管鲸目动物缺乏声带，但发出的声音无疑还是以咽喉为中心的。 3 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 根据所给信息，鲸鱼没有声带。答案的依据是第一段的前半句。 4 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 巨头鲸大脑中的听觉中枢最发达。请参见注释 1。 5 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 作者从约翰 济慈的诗歌当中引用这六行，以引起人们对济慈的历史错误的注意。作者在第一段末尾说，很糟糕，济慈优美的诗行出了差错，提到了勇敢无畏的科尔特斯而没有提到同样勇敢无畏的巴尔博厄 一位很有勇气且有毅力的英 雄。 6 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 太平洋是世界上最大的海洋。作者在第一段说，欧洲人发现一大
46、片水域，覆盖地球的 40%面积，这个海洋后来被费迪南 麦哲伦称为太平洋，因为它似乎很宁静。凭我们的地理知识也能选准答案 A。 7 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 巴尔博厄被斩首。第二段开头说，对于不朽的巴尔博厄来说非常糟糕的是，他那个时代的通讯工具既缓慢又不可靠。要是通讯工具更好的话，他就不可能因缓慢地把名望传到西班牙、缓慢地把大量的新知识带到文明世界而被斩首。 8 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 济慈描述的情感最好可以说成是敬畏。第一段开头说，约翰 济慈用那些深受喜爱的诗行承认世界上最伟大的地理学事件，由此可以判断，济慈的情感是敬畏。 9 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 女高音的频率很可能是
47、 10 000周 /秒。作者在第一段开头说，音乐的频率范围大约在 20 20 000周 /秒之间，女高音的频率不可能是 200周 /秒，不可能是 500周 /秒，也不可能是 20 000周 /秒，因此可猜测 10 000周 /秒。 10 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 音乐的音质取决于它的泛音。作者在第 二段末尾说，声音的音质取决于泛音的数量和泛音的相对振幅。 11 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 宇航员很可能使用象 Mach 5或 Mach 9这样的术语。作者在第一段末尾说，超声速这个术语指速度远远超过声音。以超声频的速度飞行的飞机的移动速度比空气中声音的速度要大得多，马赫数 1指等于声速的
48、速度，马赫数 2指等于声速 2倍的速度。马赫数 5和马赫数 9远远超过声音的速度，因此驾驶超音速飞机的宇宙航行员很可能用马赫数 5和马赫数 9这样的术语。 12 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 超声频率是听不见的。答 案可以在第一段找到。作者说，其频率远远大于可以听见的音域的纵波被称为超声频率。这说明，超声繁率是听不见的。 13 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 根据作者的观点，长寿是 Dynastes和 Megasoma这两种甲壳虫的特征。作者在最后一句说，这些甲壳虫生存的时间并不短，这当然是说这两种甲壳虫长寿。 14 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 如果雄性甲壳虫比雌性甲壳虫小，那是因为它们
49、是短命的动物。在本文末尾几句，尽管作者在讨论大的雄性甲壳虫，但是我们可以了解到为什么另外一些雄性甲壳虫要小一些，是 因为它们成熟得早一些，还因为它们短命。 15 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 该自然段之前的那个自然段很可能讨论动物大小的一般规律。可以这样推理：作者在本段第一句说，就雄性昆虫比雌性昆虫要小这一规律而言，存在一些例外。前面的自然段肯定在讨论这一规律。 16 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 雄性的锹形甲壳虫尤其好斗。本文的第二句说，雄性的锹形甲壳虫比雌性甲壳虫要大、要强壮。在同一句，我们了解到雄性甲壳虫为得到雌性甲壳虫而争斗。所以说，雄性甲壳虫尤其好斗。 17 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本文作者不止一次地提到美国殖民地。它们在 18世纪不再是殖民地。作者提到费城，提及对波士顿的报纸感兴趣，提到住在波土顿的兄弟，还说他访问过英国。所有这一切都让人猜测作者是本杰明 富兰克林。 18 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 作者描述东北部的风暴，他根据观察结果作出论断。在第三段，作者指出月食时他所观察到的结果以及他比较随意的想法，
