1、考博英语模拟试卷 293及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should have grown by 254 percent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession. Optimists, or those given to speed, assumptions, might think it marve
2、lous to have such a resource of business school graduates ready for the recovery. Unfortunately, there is now much doubt about the value of the degree not least among MBA graduates themselves, suffering as they are from the effects of recession and facing the prospect of shrinking management structu
3、res. What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek “ can-dos“ rather than “might-dos“, and who feel that academia has not been sufficiently appreciative of the needs of industry or of the employers
4、possible contribution. It is curious, given the name of the degree, that there should be no league table for UK business schools; no unanimity about what the degree should encompass; and no agreed system of accreditation. Surely there is something wrong. One wonders where all the tutors for this mas
5、sive infusion of business expertise came from and why all this mushrooming took place. Perhaps companies that made large investments would have been wiser to invest in already existing managers, perched anxiously on their own internal ladders. The Institute of Managements 1992 survey, which revealed
6、 that eighty-one per cent of managers thought they personally would be more effective if they received more training, suggests that this might be the case. There is, too, the fact that training alone does not make successful managers. They need the inherent qualifications. Of character; a degree of
7、self-subjugation; and, above all, the ability to communicate and lead; more so now, when empowerment is a buzzword that is at least generating genuflexions, if not total conviction. One can easily think of people, some comparatively unlettered, who are now lauded captains of industry. We may, theref
8、ore, not need to be too concerned about the fall in applications for business school places, or even the doubt about MBAs. The proliferation and subsequent questioning may have been an inevitable evolution. If the Management Charter Initiative, now exploring the introduction of a senior management q
9、ualification, is successful, there will be a powerful corrective. We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in relationship between management and science within industry, currently causing concern and which is overdue for attention. No one doubts that
10、we need more scientists and innovation to give us an edge in an increasingly competitive world. If scientists feel themselves under-valued and under-used, working in industrial ghettos, that is not a promising augury for the future. It seems we have to resolve these misapprehensions between science
11、and industry. Above all, we have to make sure that management is not itself smug about its status and that it does not issue mission statements about communication without realizing that the essence of it is a dialogue. More empowerment is required and we should strive to achieve it. 1 What is the w
12、riters view in the reading passage? （ A） He believes that there are too many MBAs. （ B） He believes that the degree is over-valued. （ C） He believes that standards are inconsistent. （ D） He believes that the degree has dubious value. 2 According to the passage, employers_. （ A） feel that they have n
13、ot been consulted sufficiently about their needs （ B） consider that cost-consciousness is the most important qualification （ C） are more concerned about the value of the degree than graduates themselves （ D） feel that MBAs will not be necessary because of shrinking management structures 3 According
14、to the passage_. （ A） managers need a degree and the ability to communicate （ B） training needs to be done in groups to be successful （ C） managers today must have good communication and leadership skills （ D） industrial managers do not need to write letters 4 In the writers opinion_. （ A） science i
15、ncreases competition （ B） scientists are undervalued （ C） the management of science needs reassessment （ D） management feels smug about its status 5 Which of the information is true according to the passage? （ A） Most managers interviewed felt that their colleagues needed more training. （ B） Employe
16、rs today are looking for proven experience rather than potential ability. （ C） The Management Charter Initiative is an attempt to standardize MBAs. （ D） Companies would have benefited more from recruiting MBAs rather than investing in their own staff. 5 For years, studies have found that first-gener
17、ation college studentsthose who do not have a parent with a college degreelag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, co
18、lleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox“ in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close“ achievement gap based on soci
19、al class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science. But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach(which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program)can close 63
20、percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors as grades)between first-generation and other students. The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their finding are based on a study involving 147 students(who completed the project)at an unnamed private university. First gen
21、eration was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59. 1 percent)were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8. 6 percent of the students with at least one parent w
22、ith a four-year degree. Their thesisthat a relatively modest intervention could have a big impactwas based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past rese
23、arch by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap. Many first-generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the rules of the game, and take advantage of college resources,“ they write. And this beco
24、mes more of a problem when colleges dont talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. “Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students educational experience, many first-generation students lack insight about why they
25、are struggling and do not understand how students like them can improve. “ 6 Recruiting more first-generation students has_. （ A） reduced their dropout rates （ B） narrowed the achievement ago （ C） missed its original purpose （ D） depressed college students 7 The authors of the research article are o
26、ptimistic because_. （ A） the problem is solvable （ B） their approach is costless （ C） the recruiting rate has increased （ D） their finding appeal to students 8 The study suggests that most first-generation students_. （ A） study at private universities （ B） are from single-parent families （ C） are in
27、 need of financial support （ D） have failed their college 9 The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_. （ A） are actually indifferent to the achievement gap （ B） can have a potential influence on other students （ C） may lack opportunities to apply for research projects （ D） are
28、inexperienced in handling their issues at college 10 We may infer from the last paragraph that_. （ A） universities often reject the culture of the middle-class （ B） students are usually to blame for their lack of resources （ C） social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences （ D） colleges
29、are partly responsible for the problem in question 10 Malnutrition during weaning agewhen breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foodsis highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology(病因学 )is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are
30、recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and
31、impaired growth and development. Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices. Two
32、such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic w
33、ay to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density. A method to eliminate pathogenic(致病的 )bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age app
34、ears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrheal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food, preservation in many parts of the worl
35、d. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety documented since the early 1900shave been indicated in a number of studies. In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fer
36、mented. Preserving milk in the form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate. What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. T
37、his explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of antimicrobial substances produced during fermentation.
38、The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated. Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise
39、reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast(酵母 ), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes n
40、eeded. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child. Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young c
41、hildren in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted. Directions: The statements below relate to the
42、passage you have just read. Identify whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter(T for True and F for False)on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 11 The fermentation of foods is investigated because it both inhibits food contamination and enhances storabilit
43、y. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE 12 Anti-microbial substances in fermented foods cause acidity. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE 13 Fermented foods are free of contamination. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE 14 It can be beneficial to ferment breast milk before feeding to young children. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE 15 Cooked foods can be
44、stored longer than fresh foods. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE 16 Cereals can be fermented by adding water and letting the dough stand. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE 17 Traditional fermented foods are being replaced by commercial products in some locations. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE 17 Below is a summary of some of the mai
45、n points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box below according to the passage. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Malnutrition and the resulting impaired gro
46、wth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from【 R1】 _but also from infections caused by contaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with【 R2】 _.Bo
47、th of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive. Fermented foods have higher【 R3】 _and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their【 R4】_is increased. Fermentation occurs when【 R5】 _is left to stand, occasionally
48、 with simple additives. There is, however, a trend away from this【 R6】_to commercial products. 18 【 R1】 19 【 R2】 20 【 R3】 21 【 R4】 22 【 R5】 23 【 R6】 二、 Structure and Vocabulary 24 Susan prefers to have her left_photographed as she believes thats her better side. （ A） veil （ B） view （ C） fringe （ D）
49、profile 25 Reading became difficult for the old lady, so the optician_her a pair of glasses to make her reading possible. （ A） proscribed （ B） inscribed （ C） prescribed （ D） described 26 Since any answer was likely to cause embarrassment to his party, the politician tried to_the question. （ A） evade （ B） delude （ C） seclude （ D） invade 27 The policeman tried to_the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly. （ A） induce （ B） abduct （ C） indulge （ D） lure
