1、考博英语模拟试卷 44及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should havegrown by 254 percent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession. Optimists, or those given to speed, assumptions, might think it marvelo
2、us to have such a resource of business school graduates ready for the recovery. Unfortunately, there is now much doubt about the value of the degree not least among MBA graduates themselves, suffering as they are from the effects of recession and facing the prospect of shrinking management structure
3、s. What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek “can-dos“ rather than “might-dos“, and who feel that academia bas not been sufficiently appreciative of the needs of industry or of theemployers poss
4、ible contribution. It is curious, given the name of the degree, that there should be no league table for UK business schools; no unanimity about what the degree should encompass; and no agreed system of accreditation. Su rely there is something wrong. One wonders where all the tutors for this massiv
5、e infusion of business expertise came from and why all this mushrooming took place. Perhaps companies that made large investments would have been wiser to invest in already existing managers, perched anxiously on their own internal ladders. The Institute of Managements 1992 survey, which revealed th
6、at eighty-one per cent of managers thought they personally would be more effective if they received more training, suggests that this might be the case. There is, too, the fact that training alone does not make successful managers. They need the inherent qualifications. Of character; a degree of sel
7、f-subjugation; and, above all, the ability to communicate and lead; more so now, when empowerment is a buzzword that is at least generating genuflexions, if not total conviction. One can easily think of people, some comparatively unlettered, who are now lauded captains of industry. We may, therefore
8、, not need to be too concerned about the fall in applications for business school places, or even the doubt about MBAs. The proliferation and subsequent questioning may have been an inevitable evolution. If the Management Charter Initiative, now exploring the introduction of a senior management qual
9、ification, is successful, there will be a powerful corrective. We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in relationship between management and science within industry, currently causing concern and which is overdue for attention. No-one doubts that we
10、need more scientists and innovation to give us an edge in an increasingly competitive world. If scientists feel themselves undervalued and under-used, working in industrial ghettos, that is not a promising augury for the future. It seems we have to resolve these misapprehensions between science and
11、industry. Above all, we have to make sure that management is not itself smug about its status and that it does not issue mission statements about communication without realizing that the essence of it is a dialogue. More empowerment is required and we should strive to achieve it. 1 What is the write
12、rs view in the reading passage? （ A） He believes that there are toe many MBAs （ B） He believes that the degree is over-valued （ C） He believes that standards are inconsistent （ D） He believes that the degree has dubious value 2 According to the passage, employers _. （ A） feel that they have not been
13、 consulted sufficiently about their needs （ B） consider that cost-consciousness is the most important qualification （ C） are more concerned about the value of the degree than graduates themselves （ D） feel that MBAs will not be necessary because of shrinking management structures 3 According to the
14、passage _. （ A） managers need a degree and the ability to communicate （ B） training need to be done in groups to be successful （ C） managers today must have good communication and leadership skills （ D） industrial managers do not need to write letters. 4 In the writers opinion _. （ A） science increa
15、ses competition （ B） scientists are undervalued （ C） the management of science needs reassessment （ D） management feels smug about its status 5 Which of the information is true according to the passage? （ A） Most managers interviewed felt that their colleagues needed more training （ B） Employers tod
16、ay are looking for proven experience rather than potential ability （ C） The Management Charter Initiative is an attempt to standardize MBAs （ D） Companies would have benefited more from recruiting MBAs rather than investing in their own staff 5 One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learni
17、ng and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to
18、 be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks. Some exp
19、erimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was meas
20、urably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged. The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The f
21、act that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unp
22、leasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol. In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for a
23、nother bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in associa
24、tion with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout. The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment m
25、ay serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some eases it can serve as a reward and reinforce tile behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking. Ample experime
26、ntal evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other resea
27、rchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demo
28、nstrating withdrawal symptoms. 6 The authors primary purpose in the passage is to _. （ A） support Alcoholics Anonymous as a means of coping with alcoholism （ B） present a learning paradigm that will help alcoholics to understand what causes their dependence upon alcohol （ C） explain the application
29、of a psychological approach to alcoholism （ D） help researchers Io formulate workable hypotheses about the treatment of alcoholism 7 To which one of the following questions does the author provide enough information to formulate an answer? （ A） Why do people who are alcoholics continue to drink even
30、 though the consequences of their drinking are very unpleasant? （ B） How did Conger explain the behavior of alcoholics in terms of shock therapy? （ C） Under what circumstances does an alcoholic benefit from anxiety attacks? （ D） To what extent does stimulus generalization prevent alcohol ingestion f
31、rom becoming the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse? 8 Which of the following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage? （ A） The behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory. （ B） People may be taught by experience to become alcoholics. （ C） Pu
32、nishment may become the stimulus for added drinking. （ D） The behavior of alcoholics seems to defy accepted psychological theories. 9 Which of the following, according to the passage, contribute (s) to alcoholism? . the need to reduce tensions and anxieties . the anxieties resulting from guilt feeli
33、ngs about previous drinking bouts . punishment for alcoholic behavior （ A） only （ B） and only （ C） , , and （ D） and only 10 Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? （ A） If the pleasurable taste of whisky leads to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulus generalization has o
34、ccurred. （ B） Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior. （ C） If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order to induce him to drink. （ D） The troubles experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism
35、tend to encourage them to abstain from drinking. 二、 Cloze 10 Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from 【 B1】 _ but also from infections caused by contaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of ina
36、dequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with 【 B2】 _ . Both of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive. Fermented foods have higher 【 B3】 _ and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contaminati
37、on is decreased and that their 【 B4】 _ is increased. Fermentation occurs when 【 B5】 _ is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. There is, however, a trend away from this 【 B6】_ to commercial products. 11 【 B1】 _ 12 【 B2】 _ 13 【 B3】 _ 14 【 B4】 _ 15 【 B5】 _ 16 【 B6】 _ 三、 Structure and Voca
38、bulary 17 Susan prefers to have her left _ photographed as she believes thats her better side. （ A） veil （ B） view （ C） fringe （ D） profile 18 Reading became difficult for the old lady, so the optician _ her a pair of glasses to make her reading possible. （ A） proscribed （ B） inscribed （ C） prescrib
39、ed （ D） described 19 Since any answer was likely to cause embarrassment to his party, the politician tried to _ the question. （ A） evade （ B） delude （ C） seclude （ D） invade 20 The policeman tried to _ the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly. （ A） induce （ B） abduct
40、 （ C） indulge （ D） lure 21 You must _ yourself, or they will continue to bully you, so you will go on living in disgrace. （ A） promote （ B） strengthen （ C） assert （ D） assess 22 This teaching method is a _ of many methods which have been used for decades in the country. （ A） symposium （ B） symphony
41、（ C） spectrogram （ D） synthesis 23 Mr. Scott asked for an assistant because his work load was too _. （ A） preoccupied （ B） onerous （ C） trifling （ D） omnipresent 24 In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women _ this field is climbing. （ A） shamming （ B） devoting （ C） registe
42、ring （ D） pursuing 25 The Coriolis force causes all moving projectiles on Earth to be _ from a straight line. （ A） distracted （ B） deviated （ C） intrigued （ D） permeated 25 The attack on Fort Sumter near Charleston _ a sharp response from the North, which led to the American Civil War. （ A） intent o
43、n （ B） provoked （ C） elated D pruned 26 People of all countries are expected to _ the principles of the United Nations and defend the peace in the world. （ A） inspect （ B） expedited （ C） uphold （ D） reinstall 27 She never _ to read the news but turned at once to the crossword on the last page. （ A）
44、indulged （ B） troubled （ C） exerted （ D） frustrated 28 It demands artistic skill for a manager to _ disputes among his employees. （ A） rectify （ B） rebuke （ C） negotiate （ D） reconcile 29 All the commodities sold in that shop are given one years _. （ A） assurance （ B） warrant （ C） guarantee （ D） ins
45、urance 30 They are taught by their superiors that a soldier who _ his post in time of war is to be shot. （ A） deserts （ B） deflects （ C） detains （ D） threw 31 For many people, overeating and overspending are as _ to Christmas as candles and holly. （ A） integral （ B） suitable （ C） inevitable （ D） com
46、patible 32 Because a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbol of _ love. （ A） extravagant （ B） prominent （ C） prescient （ D） eternal 33 The magician picked out several persons _ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance. （ A） by accident （ B） on average （
47、C） on occasion （ D） at random 34 We need one hundred more signatures before we take the _ to the governor. （ A） plea （ B） petition （ C） patent （ D） claim 35 Strict sanitary procedures formulated by our municipal government help to _ out-breaks of diseases. （ A） preview （ B） forestall （ C） ignite （ D
48、） fluctuate 四、 English-Chinese Translation 36 1. The Single long a stock figure in stories, songs and personal ads. was traditionally someone at the margins of society: a figure of fun, pity or awe. In the place of withered spinsters and bachelors are people like Elizabeth de Kergorlay, a 29-year-ol
49、d Parisian banker who views her independence and her own apartment as the spoils of professional success. As the sages would say, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. 2. This isnt the stuff of gloomy philosophical meditations, but a fact of Europes new economic landscape, embraced by demographe
