1、考博英语模拟试卷 71及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 In 1984, President Ronald Reagan proposed that the United States construct a launch laboratory for a new era of space exploration. （ A） probing （ B） revenge （ C） invasion （ D） expansion 2 The mother is told that her child is desperately ill-the chance
2、of survival are slim, and the treatment is as dreadful as the disease. （ A） incurable （ B） fearful （ C） impossible （ D） troublesome 3 In the flint decades of the twentieth century, the individual gem could not be seen, but could be worked with fruitfully. （ A） blindly （ B） completely （ C） productive
3、ly （ D） carefully 4 She was so obstinate that she wouldn t adjust her opinions. （ A） inflexible （ B） alert （ C） wise （ D） talented 5 One of the most interesting inhabitants of our world is the bee, an insect which is indigenous to all parts of the globe except the polar regions. （ A） residents （ B）
4、pets （ C） intimates （ D） creatures 6 The two psychologists had to modify the American Sign Language somewhat in order to accommodate the chimpanzees spontaneous gestures. （ A） change （ B） abort （ C） shorten （ D） enhance 7 One word describes what makes Singapore work: discipline. （ A） punishment （ B）
5、 regulation （ C） unemployment （ D） salary 8 Both a person s heredity and his environment help to shape his character. （ A） relative （ B） education （ C） nationality （ D） surroundings 9 Jane and Tom have been able to reconcile their difference and are a happy family again. （ A） settle （ B） arrange （ C
6、） balance （ D） pacify 10 Sometimes a dictionary designates a noun as attributive, which means that it can be used to describe another noun or name its attributes. （ A） conveys （ B） defines （ C） indicates （ D） explains 11 Giving the child problems he cannot solve will only frustrate him. （ A） baffle
7、（ B） worry （ C） alarm （ D） cultivate 12 The environmental balance among ecological communities is exceedingly complex. （ A） almost （ B） successfully （ C） extremely （ D） rarely 13 When we were in the mountains, we often found ourselves entirely enveloped by the fog. （ A） confined （ B） surrounded （ C）
8、 darkened （ D） blocked 14 Recent studies have identified four major global environmental risks: acid rain, ozone depletion, deforestation and the greenhouse effect. （ A） recognized （ B） proved （ C） got rid of （ D） multiplied 15 The primary objective of Basic Econometrics is to provide an elementary
9、but a comprehensive introduction to the art and science of econometrics. （ A） brief （ B） precise （ C） simplified （ D） extensive 16 A number of animals in Aesop s fables are portrayed as being crafty. （ A） vain （ B） virtuous （ C） artistic （ D） cunning 17 General acceptance of 3-D films may prove hard
10、 to come by, as the experience of three decades ago indicated. （ A） obtain （ B） explain （ C） understand （ D） discern 18 Perhaps more than anything else, it was onerous taxes that led to the Peasants Revolt in England in 1381. （ A） multiple （ B） unjust （ C） burdensome （ D） infamous 19 Psychologists h
11、ave errantly mounted an offensive against what they describe as nastiness to ward students by educators. （ A） arbitrariness （ B） unpleasantness （ C） severity （ D） aloofness 20 Recent research into aging suggests that the body s defense mechanisms may lose the abili ty to distinguish what is alien. （
12、 A） insane （ B） infectious （ C） foreign （ D） poisonous 21 In ancient Egyptian paintings, royal figures were differentiated by making them several times larger than others. （ A） distinguished （ B） estranged （ C） deferred （ D） enlarged 22 Chimpanzees are frequently used as stand-ins for human beings i
13、n experiment. （ A） partners （ B） role-models （ C） stand-bys （ D） substitute 23 Differences in positions adopted by oxygen and hydrogen atoms account for variations in the crystalline structure of different forms of ice. （ A） are caused by （ B） explain （ C） derive from （ D） constitute 24 No other new
14、spaper columnist has managed as yet to rival Ann Landers popularity in terms of readership. （ A） though （ B） in spite of this （ C） even （ D） so far 25 Many politicians find that they can no longer afford the luxury of a personal chauffeur. （ A） valet （ B） driver （ C） secretary （ D） servant 26 The Un
15、ited States Food and Drag Administration has shown itself to be particularly wary with regard to alleged “miracle“ drugs in recent times. （ A） bellicose （ B） exhausted （ C） cautious （ D） strange 27 The plainer is a bowerbird s plumage, the more brightly it decorates its nest to attract a mate. （ A）
16、more spectacular （ B） duller （ C） flatter （ D） more melancholy 28 Attitudes on the two sides in the Revolutionary War precluded the possibility of a peaceful solution. （ A） presaged （ B） prejudiced （ C） anticipated （ D） prevented 29 Cowries shells were once in widespread use as a token of value. （ A
17、） a symbol （ B） an amount （ C） a thing （ D） an investment 30 Adverse reviews in the New York press may greatly change the prospects of a new Broad- way production. （ A） additional （ B） encouraging （ C） unfavorable （ D） subversive 二、 Reading Comprehension 30 In the simplest terms, a market is the pla
18、ce where seller meets buyer to exchange products for money. Traditional markets still function in many parts of the world. Even in the United Sates, during summer months, there are farmers markets where direct selling and buying take place between producers and consumers. Most service industries sti
19、ll operate at this market level. Manufacturing industries and most agricultural enterprises are more distant from the consumer. Their products pass through several hands-truckers, warehouse workers, wholesalers, and retailers before reaching the final consumer. Products, or commodities, are usually
20、divided into two types: consumer and industrial. Consumer goods are those that are sold to final users, the customers. These goods include food, clothing, automobiles, television sets, appliances, and all those things people go to stores to purchase. Industrial goods are those that are sold to compa
21、nies or other businesses for use in manufacturing or other purposes. Automobile makers buy many of the parts used to assemble cars. A tire manufacturer buys rubber, synthetic or otherwise, with which to make fires. Eventually these materials will end up in the hands of final users: the owners of the
22、 cars. The nature of industrial goods depends on the nature of the goods to be made for final users. The price of industrial goods and raw materials will influence the price of final goods, those that the consumer buys. 31 It can be inferred that _. （ A） most of the products exchanged at traditional
23、 markets are consumer goods （ B） most of the products bought and sold at traditional markets are industrial goods （ C） most farmers lived far away form marketplaces and never sold their products directly （ D） most service industries have not yet developed mature markets for their products 32 Medical
24、 equipment sold to doctors is an instance of _. （ A） consumer product （ B） industrial product （ C） raw material （ D） direct exchanged product 33 By saying “Manufacturing industries and most agricultural enterprises are more distant from the censurers“ ( para. 2 ), the. author means _. （ A） their pro
25、ducts are never sold directly into consumers hands （ B） they usually build their factories far away from markets （ C） they usually need agents to sell and deliver their goods into consumers hands （ D） they have used trucks to carry their products to consumers hands 34 Paper sold to a publishing indu
26、stry _. （ A） will influence the price of paper industry （ B） is a product delivered to the final user （ C） is a consumer product （ D） is an industrial product 35 A wholesaler(Paragraph 2, Line 2) is _. （ A） a person who sells a great variety of foods （ B） an agent who deals with industrial products
27、（ C） a person that manages big stores and factories （ D） an agent that buys and sells goods in great quantities 35 Direct adverting includes all forms of sales appeals, mailed, delivered, or exhibited directly to the prospective buyer of an advertised product or service, without use of any indirect
28、medium, such as newspapers or television Direct advertising logically may be divided into three broad classifications, namely, direct-mail advertising, mail order advertising, and unmailed direct advertising. All forms of sales appeals that are sent through the mails are considered direct-mail adver
29、tising. The chief functions of direct-mail advertising are to familiarize prospective buyers with a product, its name, its maker, and its merits and with the product s local distributors. The direct-mail appeal is designed also to support the sales activities of retailers by encouraging the continue
30、d patronage of both old and new customers. When no personal selling is involved, other methods are needed to persuade people to send in orders by mail. In addition to newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, other special devices order promotions are designed to accomplish a complete selling jo
31、b without salespeople. Used for the same broad purposes as direct-mail advertising, unmailed direct-mail advertising, includes all forms of indoor advertising displays and all printed sales appeals distributed from door to door, handed to customers in retail stores or conveyed in some other manner d
32、irectly to the recipient. With each medium competing keenly for its share of the business, advertising agencies continue to develop new techniques for displaying and selling wares and services. Among these techniques have been vastly improved printing and reproduction methods in the graphic field, a
33、dapted to magazine advertisements and to direct-mall enclosures; the use of color in newspaper advertisements and in television; and outdoor signboards more attractively designed and efficiently lighted. Many subtly effective improvements are suggested by advertising research. 36 Direct advertising
34、_. （ A） includes all forms of sales appeals to the prospective buyer （ B） is produced mainly for newspaper or television （ C） is an activity by which real products are shown to buyers （ D） uses post as a chief means to contact prospective buyers 37 Direct-mail advertising _. （ A） uses letters as a c
35、hief means of providing information （ B） sends old customers detailed information about new products （ C） uses letters to tell prospective buyers about the local sellers （ D） sends over the prospective buyers sample products by parcels 38 The word “prospective“ in the first sentence of the passage m
36、eans _. （ A） would be （ B） prosperous （ C） rich （ D） old 39 The chief function of unmailed advertising is _. （ A） to send sample products from door to door （ B） to familiarize the customers with the products （ C） to deliver the products directly to the retail stores （ D） to send information about th
37、e products in quick ways 40 From the last paragraph we learn _. （ A） direct advertising is the best way to promote a product （ B） companies are trying to find the best way to sell their products （ C） advertising is becoming enriched by the research in this area （ D） old ways of advertising is giving
38、 ways to new ways of doing it 40 The traditional appeal of the income tax has come from its wide acceptance, as a fair tax, closely related to an individual s ability to pay. For many years the income tax provided large federal income without imposing heavy burdens on tile great majority of people.
39、By the mid-20th century, however, serious criticisms of tax loopholes were heard. Concerted attempts at reform resulted only in a more complex and eroded tax base. The situation worsened in the 1970s, as rising inflation pushed people into higher tax brackets although their incomes were barely keepi
40、ng pace with rising prices. This pressure further eroded public confidence in the fairness of the income tax; at the same time it created strong incentives to utilize tax shelters and other loopholes, as well as to conceal off the-record income. Built-in inflation adjustments were adopted, first by
41、a number of states and then in 1985 by the federal government. Income tax policy is inevitably controversial because it rests essentially on judgments that must be constantly reconsidered as social values changes. The complex task of working out the many reductions and exclusions to be allowed from
42、income because they either make for greater fairness among taxpayers or promote worthy social goals ( such as charitable contributions) is one of the most difficult and politically sensitive problems faced by governments. Another major area of dispute is whether wages and salaries should be taxed th
43、e same way as business profits or investment income. While some countries and a few U.S. states explicitly apply separate sets of rules to the measurement of different kinds of taxable income, others, like most U.S. state governments, seek to treat all sources of income in the same way. Even so, dis
44、similarities inevitably arise. Some costs of earning income are more readily deducted(扣除 ) from business and self-employment earnings than they are front wages and salaries. Inflation, by eroding the value of capital, distorts the measurement of income from that source. Complex adjustments to the ta
45、x law could in principle eliminate these imbalance, but most countries have preferred simpler, more arbitrary solutions. 41 Most people accept income as a fair tax since _. （ A） every individual enjoys public welfare （ B） every citizen of a country has the duty to pay taxes （ C） it is within their c
46、apability to pay it （ D） it is closely related to the individuals benefits 42 In the 1970s, _. （ A） many people called for the cancellation of income tax （ B） many people questioned the fairness of income tax （ C） many people stopped to pay tax because of poverty （ D） inflation rose beyond the gover
47、nments control 43 In 1985, _. （ A） inflation was taken into account in the federal government s income tax policy （ B） inflation rate was brought under control and income tax rate was reduced （ C） a number of states made their own laws against tile rising inflation （ D） the federal government adopte
48、d several inflation combating policies 44 Which of the following income may enjoy a reduced tax or exclusion? （ A） Off-the-record income （ B） Self-employment earnings （ C） Business earnings （ D） Income from charitable activities 45 The majority of the US state governments _. （ A） use different sets
49、of rules for various taxable income （ B） apply the same policy to all sources of income （ C） allow for a reduction for self-employment earnings （ D） treat business and investment income in the same way 45 When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected President of the United States in 1932, not only the United States but also the rest of the world was in the throes of an economic depression. Following the termination of World War I, Britain and the United States at first experienced a boom in industry. Cal
