1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 102及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand the
2、ir situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to
3、 comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens,
4、sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stamps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?“ the new arrival ask
5、ed St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,“ came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.“ If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about t
6、he inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post O
7、ffice or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak s
8、lowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected a twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up“ or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exa
9、ggerations and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. 1 To make your humor work, you should_. （ A） take advantage of different kinds of audience （ B） make fun of the disorganized people （ C） address different problems
10、to different people （ D） show sympathy for your listeners 2 The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are_. （ A） impolite to new arrivals （ B） very conscious of their godlike role （ C） entitled to some privileges （ D） very busy even during lunch hours 3 It can be inferred from
11、 the text that public services_. （ A） have benefited many people （ B） are the focus of public attention （ C） are an inappropriate subject for humor （ D） have often been the laughing stock 4 To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered_. （ A） in well-worded language （ B） as awk
12、wardly as possible （ C） in exaggerated statements （ D） as casually as possible 5 The best title for the text may be_. （ A） Use Humor Effectively （ B） Various Kinds of Humor （ C） Add Humor to Speech （ D） Different Humor Strategies 5 Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cun
13、ning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come
14、close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us wit
15、h mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimetre accuracy f
16、ar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves goals that pose a real challenge
17、. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Desp
18、ite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting
19、 to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented and human perception far more complicated than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory
20、environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant
21、 approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. 6 Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in_. （ A） the use of machines to produce science fiction （ B） the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry （ C） the invention of tools for difficult and dangerou
22、s work （ D） the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work 7 The word “gizmos“(Line 1, Para. 2)most probably means_. （ A） programs （ B） experts （ C） devices （ D） creatures 8 According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can_. （ A） fulfill delicate tasks l
23、ike performing brain surgery （ B） interact with human beings verbally （ C） have a little common sense （ D） respond independently to a changing world 9 Besides reducing human labor, robots can also_. （ A） make a few decisions for themselves （ B） deal with some errors with human intervention （ C） impr
24、ove factory environments （ D） cultivate human creativity 10 The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are_. （ A） expected to copy human brain in internal structure （ B） able to perceive abnormalities immediately （ C） far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informati
25、on （ D） best used in a controlled environment 10 Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary me
26、mories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week w
27、hen Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term. Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the
28、cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. Rich economies are also le
29、ss dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than stee
30、l or car production. For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, it oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in r
31、ich economies by only 0.25% 0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, Oil-importing emerging economies to which heavy industry has shifted have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. One more reason not to lose s
32、leep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economists commodity price index is broad
33、ly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%. 11 The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_. （ A） global inflation （ B） reduction in supply （ C） fast growth in economy （ D） Iraqs suspension of exports 12 It can be inferred from the text t
34、hat the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if_. （ A） price of crude rises （ B） commodity prices rise （ C） consumption rises （ D） oil taxes rise 13 The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_. （ A） heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive （ B） income loss mainly res
35、ults from fluctuating crude oil prices （ C） manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed （ D） oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP 14 We can draw a conclusion from the text that_. （ A） oil-price shocks are less shocking now （ B） inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks （ C
36、） energy conservation can keep down the oil prices （ D） the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry 15 From the text we can see that the writer seems_. （ A） optimistic （ B） sensitive （ C） gloomy （ D） scared 15 The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry impo
37、rtant implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect“, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an ac
38、tion having two effects a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing do
39、sages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.“ Geor
40、ge Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,“ he says, “We dont call those deaths ho
41、micides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.“ On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been
42、 fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Li
43、fe. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test kn
44、owledge of aggressive pain management therapies, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned
45、with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,“ to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse“. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension
46、“. 16 From the first three paragraphs, we learn that_. （ A） doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain （ B） it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives （ C） the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide （ D） patients have no constitutio
47、nal right to commit suicide 17 Which of the following statements its true according to the text? （ A） Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death. （ B） Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery. （ C） The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving me
48、dication can be prescribed. （ D） A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions. 18 According to the NASs report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is_. （ A） prolonged medical procedures （ B） inadequate treatment of pain （ C） systematic drug abuse （ D） insufficient hospital care
49、 19 Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive“(Line 3, Para. 7)? （ A） Bold. （ B） Harmful. （ C） Careless. （ D） Desperate. 20 George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they_. （ A） manage their patients incompetently （ B） give patients more medicine than needed （ C） reduce drug dosages for their patients （ D） prolong the needless suffering of the patients 考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 102答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 【知识模块】
