[外语类试卷]考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷132及答案与解析.doc

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1、考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷 132及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding

2、 over is for real. The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased b

3、y about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the tre

4、asury secretary, says, a “disjunction“ between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing are only one contribution t

5、o the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not alw

6、ays mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less w

7、idely than people suppose. Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “reengineering“ has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His col

8、league, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. BBDOs Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of reengineering consultants as mere rubbish “th

9、e worst sort of ambulance cashing“. 1 According to the author, the American economic situation is _. ( A) not as good as it seems ( B) at its turning point ( C) much better than it seems ( D) near to complete recovery 2 The official statistics on productivity growth _. ( A) exclude the usual rebound

10、 in a business cycle ( B) fall short of businessmens anticipation ( C) meet the expectation of business people ( D) fail to reflect the true state of economy 3 The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?“ because _. ( A) he questions the truth of “no gain without pain“ ( B) he does

11、 not think the productivity revolution works ( C) he wonders if the official statistics are misleading ( D) he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses 4 Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage? ( A) Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivit

12、y. ( B) New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity. ( C) The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability. ( D) The consultants are a bunch of good for nothings. 4 Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gal

13、lileos 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century. Until recently, the scientific community was

14、 so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience“ in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Verginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers

15、 University; and The Demon Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,“ held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information“, which assembled last June near B

16、uffalo. Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned sciences objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that c

17、ontradict the scientific worldview. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic

18、 research. Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, those manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological Utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in U.

19、S. News on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates. Tha

20、t the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two c

21、ontinents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior. It is not possible to determine whether both conti

22、nents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot spot population it appears that

23、the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years. The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the gl

24、obe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the for

25、mation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstant). 13 The author believes that _. ( A) the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earths interior ( B) the geological theory about driftin

26、g plates has been proved to be true ( C) the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions ( D) the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart 14 That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that _. ( A) the two continents are still movi

27、ng in opposite directions ( B) they have been found to share certain geological features ( C) the African plates has been stable for 30 million years ( D) over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe 15 The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining _. ( A) the structure of the African

28、plates ( B) the revival of dead volcanoes ( C) the mobility of the continents ( D) the formation of new oceans 16 The passage is mainly about _. ( A) the features of volcanic activities ( B) the importance of the theory about drifting plates ( C) the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies

29、( D) the process of the formation of volcanoes 考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷 132答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 1 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 从文章第 1段的内容可知,在美国,无论你到什么地方,你都会听到有关公司复兴的故事;更难以证实 的是企业家们自以为是他们在引领的这场生产力革命是否名副其实;从文章第 2段的内容可知,官方的统计数字多少有些令人失望;统计表明,生产力平均每年增长 1.2,但近期的增长一定程度上是由于商业周期运行至这个时段所出现的常见反弹引发的,因此不能证实会出现经济复苏;正如财政部长 Rob

30、ert Rubin所说的那样,大量的商业神话似乎说明生产力剧增,这同官方的统计数字所反映出的情况 “有分歧 ”;在随后的两段中,文章分析了造成这种现象的原因;从文章最后的内容可知,一些企业的重组没有达到预期目的。据此可知,美国目前的经济形势不 如表现的那样好。 A项与文章的意思相符,因此 A项为正确答案。 2 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题可参照文章的第 2段。从中可知,官方的统计数字有些令人失望;数据显示,如果把制造业和服务业合在一起计算的话,那么,从 1987年以来,生产力平均每年增长 1.2;这比在上一个十年期内的平均增幅大;从 1991年起,生产力每年约增长 2,这一比率是 19

31、78 1987年平均增长指数的两倍;问题是,近期的增长一定程度上是由于商业周期运行至这个时段所出现的常见反弹所引起的,因此不能以此作为确凿的证据来证实在这一潜 在的趋势中会出现经济复苏;正如财政部长所说的那样,大量的商业奇闻显示生产力剧增,这同官方的统计数字所反映出的情况 “有分歧 ”。据此可知,有关生产力增长的官方统计数据与商业界人士的传说不符,说明生产力并没有如官方人士所说的那样增长了。 B项与文章的意思相符,因此 B项为正确答案。 3 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 从文章第 1段的内容可知,有人说,不劳无获;但若是劳而无获又会怎样呢 ?在美国,无论你到什么地方,你都会听到公司复兴的故事

32、;更难以证实的是企业家自以为是他们在引领的这场生产力革命是否名副其实;从第 4段的内容可知,有人认为,近几年,一些企业的改组可能并未奏效;另一些人认为,即使改组奏效了,也不如人们所想象的那样大量推广;作者最后引用专家的话进一步说明目前采取的措施没有成效。据此可知,作者认为当前的生产力革命没有什么成效。 B项与文章的意思相符,因此 B项为正确答案。 4 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 从文章第 3段第 2句的内容可知,组织工作场所的新方法 包括机构重组和缩减规模的所有方法 仅仅是促进某一经济实体综合生产力提高的一个因素,还有许多其他因素推动生产力的提高;这说明文中提到了 B项;文 章最后一段第

33、2、 3句证实了文中提到了 C项;从文章最后一段最后一句的内容可知, Al Rosenshine对重组顾问的许多工作不屑一顾,认为那只不过是荒唐的事情典型的 “劳而无获 ”;这证明了文中提到了 D项;只有 A项文中没有提到,因此 A项为正确答案。 5 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题可参照文章的第 1段。从中可知,科学与文化的其他方面关系一向紧张;然后列举了伽利略的受审和威廉 布莱克对艾萨克 牛顿的尖刻批评这两个例子来说明这一问题;最后一句话指出:在本世纪,如果说有什么不同的话,那就是科学与人文 科学之间的裂痕更加深了。据此可知, “schism”一词在上下文中的意思应该是 “分裂 ”。

34、C项与文章的意思相符,因此 C项为正确答案。 6 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 从文章第 1段的内容可知,自然科学与人文科学之间的裂痕甚至加深了;文章第 2、 3段对此做了具体说明:以前,科学界的势力非常强大,以致可以对批评者置之不理 但现在不一样了;因为科研经费减少,科学家推出几本书来反击 “反科学 “的倾向;科学捍卫者还在集会上发表了他们的忧虑。据此可知,第 2段和第 3段是用来具体说明 “自然科学与人文科学之间的裂痕加深 了 ”这一主题的。 D项与文章的意思相符,因此 D项为正确答案。 7 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 A项与文章的意思相符,依据是文章第 6段第 2句 “可这绝不是说

35、,对不加制止的工业发展表示担忧的环保主义者也是反科学的,而去年 5月份刊登在美国新闻与世界报道上的一篇文章好像含有此种暗示 ”; B项不正确,从文章第 5段的内容可知, 1996年新闻报道的调查显示,反科学的标签也贴到了其他许多群体的身上,从倡导消灭最后残留的天花病毒群的官员到倡议缩减基础研究基金的共和党人; C项不正确,依据是文章最后一段最后一句话,即 “反科学 ”一词可以包含太多完全不同的东西,而它们唯一的共同之处就是 它们往往会激怒那些自以为是、自恃清高的人; D项明显与文章的意思不符。 8 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题可参照文章的第 1段。从中可知,科学与文化其他方面关系一直紧

36、张;本世纪,科学与人文科学之间的裂痕更深了;随后两段举例说明了科学家的做法 抨击他人,把别人说成是反科学;最后两段谈了一些人对此的反应。据此可知,作者只是客观地叙述了自然科学与人文科学 (即 “科学与反科学 ”)之间的争论,并没有发表自己的观点,说明他是公正的。因此 A项为正确答案。 9 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 从文章第 l段的内容可知, 1980年的人口普查表明,随着东北部和中西部地区的人口增长几乎停顿,区域性的竞争己愈演愈烈;从文章第 2段的内容可知,这一发展趋势使得南方首次成了美国人口普查史上人口最稠密的地区;文章第 3段具体说明了增长的人口数量;从文章第 4段的内容可知,自 二

37、战以来,美国人口一直大幅度向南部和西部地区迁移,而且这种趋势仍然盛行。据此可知, 1980年人口统计的结果显示 二战后,美国人口大量移居南部和西部地区。 B项与文章的意思相符,因此 B项为正确答案。 10 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 从文章第 6段的内容可知,人口普查官员说,并不是所有的迁移都是因为人们想搬出寒带地区;从第 7段的内容可知,人口统计学家发现,向南部、西部地区的不断迁移还伴随着一种与此相关却又与从前不同的现象:愈来愈多的美国人明显不再只寻找有更多就业机会的地方,他们还在寻找人口较少的地区;从文章第 11段第 1句可知, 1980年人口普查的数据戏剧性地显示,美国人主要是到西部

38、地区寻找宽敞的生活空间。据此可知,如今的美国人注重的是宽敞的生活空间。 C项与文章的意思相符,因此 C项为正确答案。 11 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题可参照文章的第 8、 9段。从中可知,从区域上来看,落基山脉地区各州成为人口增长最快的地方;从各州的情况来看,内华达州和亚利桑那州是增长率最高的两个州 分别为 63.5和 53.1;除了佛罗里达州和得克萨斯州以外,人口增长率排名前十位是西部各州。据此可知,内华达 州的人口增长速度最快,亚利桑那州的人口增长速度第二。 D项与文章的意思相符,因此 D项为正确答案。 12 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 从文章第 6段的内容可知,人口普查官员

39、说,并不是所有的迁移都是因为人们想搬出寒带;持续的移民潮也起了一定的作用,当年 “生育高峰 ”时期出生的一代到了生育年龄,这些人生育了大批婴儿,这也起了作用;从第 7段第一句可知,人口统计学家发现,向南部、西部地区的持续迁移伴随着一种与之相关却与从前不同的现象。据此可知, “demographer”所做的工作与人口统计有关,所以它最可能的 意思应该是 “研究人口问题的科学家 ”。 C项与文章的意思相符,因此 C项为正确答案。 13 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 从文章第 1段的内容可知,地球上散布着一百多个热点;大部分热点区移动极其缓慢,某些情况下,板块滑过这些热点区,便留下死火山的痕迹;热

40、点区及其火山痕迹是板块移动的象征。从文章第 2段的内容可知,如今,板块漂移学说已是无须质疑的了;然后举例进一步说明。从文章最后一段的内容可知,热点的重要性并不仅限于作为参照体系这一作用上;现在看来,它们对推动板块在地球上移动的地球物理学的过程也产生了重大影 响;因此,正如早期的理论解释了大陆的移动那样,热点或许可以解释大陆的易变性。据此可知,作者认为有关大陆移动的理论是正确的。 B项与文章的意思相符,因此 B项为正确答案。 14 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题可参照文章的第 2段。从中可知,因为有新物质深入洋底,所以两个大陆距离愈来愈远;互补的海岸线以及似乎横跨海洋的地质地貌特征提示人们

41、 这两块大陆曾经连接在一起;人们既不能确定是否这两块大陆在向相反的方向移动,也不能确定是否其中的一块大陆静止不动,而另一块大陆正在远它而去;根据热点密度的分析可以看 出,非洲板块静止不动了的 3000万年。据此可知,人们之所以认为非洲和南美洲曾经连在一起,是因为它们的某些地质特征相似。 B项与文章的意思相符,因此 B项为正确答案。 15 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题可参照文章的第 3段。从中可知,热点区的重要性并不仅在于它们所起到的参照物作用;现在看来,它们还对推动板块在地球上移动的地球物理学的过程也产生了重大影响;当大陆板块漂移到热点区上方时,地壳深处涌出的物质会形成一个巨大的穹顶;

42、随着穹顶不断增长,它会出现深深的裂缝;如此作用几次后,大陆可能会沿着这些小裂 缝完全裂开,这样热点地区就导致了新大洋的诞生。于是,该热点便开始形成一个新海洋;因此,正如早期的理论解释了大陆的移动那样,热点或许可以解释大陆的易变性。据此可知,热点理论可以用于解释大陆的不稳定性,即热点可以促使形成新海洋。 D项与文章的意思相符,因此 D项为正确答案。 16 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 从文章第 1段的内容可知,地球上散布着一百多个相互独立并且面积不大的火山活动区,地质学家称之为热点。随后说明了热点的特点。文章第 2段说明了板块漂移理论,最后一句话指出:根据热点密度的分析可以看出 非洲板块静止不动了 3000万年;从文章第 3段的内容可知,热点的重要性并不仅限于作为参照体系这一作用上,它们对推动板块地球上移动的地质物理过程也产生了重大影响;然后具体说明了热点如何促使形成了新海洋;从文章的最后一句话可知,正如早期的理论解释了大陆的移动那样,热点理论或许可以解释大陆的易变性。据此可知,本文主要讲的是热点理论在地质物理研究中的重要作用。 C项与文章的意思相符,因此 C项为正确答案。

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