1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 135及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to re
2、solve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today. In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War . As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their
3、extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things onc
4、e learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned. Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of in
5、formation relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming. Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than ha
6、s ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunication developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail
7、to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or j
8、obs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those peop
9、le who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power“ may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all
10、people. 1 The word “it“ (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to _. （ A） the lack of stable communities （ B） the breakdown of informal information channels （ C） the increased mobility of families （ D） the growing number of people moving from place to place 2 The main problem people may encounter to
11、day arises from the fact that _. （ A） they have to learn new things consciously （ B） they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information （ C） they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily （ D） they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended fami
12、ly 3 From the passage we can infer that _. （ A） electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages （ B） it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era （ C） people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences （ D） events will be reported on
13、 the spot mainly through satellites 4 We can learn from the last paragraph that _. （ A） it is necessary to obtain as much （ B） people should make the best use of the information （ C） we should realize the importance of accumulating information （ D） it is of vital importance to acquire needed informa
14、tion efficiently 4 Personality is to a large extent inherent A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place wh
15、ere children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt “the win at all costs“ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates
16、or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!“ By
17、 far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure
18、is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into Bs. The world needs A-types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with a
19、cademic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our docto
20、rs exclusively from A-type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged. 5 According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually _. （ A） impatient （ B） considerate （ C） aggressive （ D） agreeable 6 The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because _. （ A） the pr
21、essure is too great on the students （ B） some students are bound to fail （ C） failure rates are too high （ D） the results of examinations are doubtful 7 The selection of medical professionals are currently based on _. （ A） candidates sensitivity （ B） academic achievements （ C） competitive spirit （ D
22、） surer values 8 From the passage we can draw the conclusion that _. （ A） the personality of a child is well established at birth （ B） family influence dominates the shaping of ones characteristics （ C） the development of ones personality is due to multiple factors （ D） B-type characteristics can fi
23、nd no place in competitive society 8 That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to s
24、killful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on
25、memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences
26、may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when ones memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiet
27、y, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider
28、what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a
29、 decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of li
30、mited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they
31、 have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance. 9 From the evolutionary point of view, _. （ A） forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive （ B） if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very ada
32、ptive （ C） the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individuals adaptability （ D） sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences 10 According to the passage, if a person never forgot, _. （ A） he would survive best （ B） he would have a lot of trouble （ C） his ability to learn
33、 would be enhanced （ D） the evolution of memory would stop 11 From the last paragraph we know that _. （ A） forgetfulness is a response to learning （ B） the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system （ C） memory is a compensation for forgetting （ D） the capacity of a memory stor
34、age system is limited because forgetting occurs 12 In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of _. （ A） remembering （ B） forgetting （ C） adapting （ D） experiencing 12 The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which c
35、onsumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under
36、 competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together dete
37、rmine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which
38、 prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity
39、results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system. The important factor in a private-enterprise econ
40、omy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership
41、 of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. 13 In Line 7, Para. 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes“ means _. （ A） Americans are never satisfied with their in
42、comes （ B） Americans tend to overstate their incomes （ C） Americans want to have their incomes increased （ D） Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes 14 The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that _. （ A） producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized pro
43、duction （ B） consumers can express their demands through producers （ C） producers decide the prices of products （ D） supply and demand regulate prices 15 According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by _. （ A） private property and rights concerned （ B） manpower and natural
44、 resources control （ C） ownership of productive resources （ D） free contracts and prices 16 The passage is mainly about _. （ A） how American goods are produced （ B） how American consumers buy their goods （ C） how American economic system works （ D） how American businessmen make their profits 考博英语 （阅
45、读理解）模拟试卷 135答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 1 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 从文中 “随着家庭搬出稳定的社区，离开多年的好友，脱离了大家庭的关系，日常的信息交流被切断，需要时就可以获得可靠信息的信心也随之而去了。 ”可知 it指的 “日常的信息交流被切断了 ”。 2 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 从第 3段第 2句 “今天，个人可获得的信息比任何一代人都多，然而，找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至很困难 “可知， C项为正确答案。 3 【正 确答案】 A 【试题解析】 从第 4段第 3句 “计算机技术使人们能把大量的信息储存在机读
46、文件中，人们通过计算机编程找到某一信息。电信技术的发展使人们可以通过电视、广播发送信息，不久电子邮件会不断地给人们送来大量信息 ”可知， A项为正确答案。 4 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 从第 4段第 3句可知答案。最后一段第 1句指出在这个变化和复杂的世界里，对信息的需求最为重要，第 2句进行了具体说明 “那些利用准确、可靠、最新信息解决日常问题、企业的关键问题及社会与家庭问题的人就能生存下去并获得成功 ”。 D项总结了最后一段的内容。 5 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 从第 2段第 1句 “孩子吸收 A性格的地方之一是学校，学校就其本质而言是一个高度竞争的机构 ”，可知 C项为正确答
47、案。 6 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题问作者强烈反对学校考试的做法的原因。参看第 3段 第 3句“用考试来竞争的优点有点令人质疑，但明知失败却还要竞争是肯定有害的 ”，即作者认为学校的考试是一种竞争，有人会成功，有人会失败。这和 B项一致。 A项和 C项在文中未提及。 D项与原文不一致。 7 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 从最后一段第 2句 “也许对护理行业特别是医务人员的选择少侧重于化学成绩，更多考虑其敏感性及同情心会更好一些 ”可知 A项为正确答案。 8 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题为推论题。本文主要谈论了学校教育对学生性格形成的影响。综观全文，我们知道性格的发展受先天和
48、环境等多 种因素影响。因此 C项为正确答案。 9 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 从第 2段第 2、 3句 “所学的东西，如果一段时间不运用，往往会遗忘；其适应性结果可能就不太明显，然而，戏剧性的突然遗忘的例子好像具有适应性 ”可知， D项为正确答案。 A项、 B项、 C项均与原文不符。 10 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 从第 3段倒数第 2句 “在一些病历中，有的人遗忘的太少 (和普通人相比 )，以至于他们的日常活动充满了混乱 ”可知， B项为正确答案。 11 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 从最后一段第 2句 “根据 这种观点，在学习或记忆储存 (输入 )及遗忘 (输出 )之间不断进行
49、调整 ”可知， A项正确。 B项、 C项、 D项均不正确。 12 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题为主旨题。 B项正确。 13 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 maximize：把 增加到最大限度；充分利用。 maximize their income：充分利用他们的收入。 D项为正确答案。 14 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 A项文中没有提及。 B项与文章内容不符。 C项也没有提及， D选项正确。 15 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 从文章最后一段最后一句 “在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也包括决定产品价格的或与其他私有个体自由签订合同的权利 “可以得出答案。由此可知 A项为正确答案。 16 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题是主旨题。第 1段讲述美国经济体系的构成；第 2段讲市场调节的作用；第 3段讲私有企业的特征。 C项概括了全文的主旨。 A、 B、 D项均属于细节。
