1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 136及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services avai
2、lable as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society“ is not on the horizon its already here. While computers offer thes
3、e conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by
4、 showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made acc
5、ordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep tra
6、ck of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors , bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of comput
7、ers. 1 According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to _. （ A） withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes （ B） obtain more convenient services than other people do （ C） enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper （ D） cash money wherever he wishes to 2 From the last sentence of th
8、e first paragraph we learn that _. （ A） in the future all the Americans will use credit cards （ B） credit cards are mainly used in the United States today （ C） nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash （ D） it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before 3 The phrase “ring up sales“ (Line
9、 2, Para. 2) most probably means “_“. （ A） make an order of goods （ B） record sales on a cash register （ C） call the sales manager （ D） keep track of the goods in stock 4 What is this passage mainly about? （ A） Approaches to the commercial use of computers. （ B） Conveniences brought about by compute
10、rs in business. （ C） Significance of automation in commercial enterprises. （ D） Advantages of credit cards in business. 4 Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapt
11、ed to those differences. Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the
12、family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of societys understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation. Education in any society
13、is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society
14、that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. “All men are created equal.“ Weve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country s founders
15、to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all childrenthe right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent cour
16、t decisions have confirmed the right of all children disabled or not to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those
17、 who cannot profit substantially from regular programs. 5 In Para. 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that _. （ A） the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society （ B） exceptional children are more influenced by their familie
18、s than normal children are （ C） exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society （ D） the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children 6 The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that _. （ A） they are exp
19、ected to be leaders of the society （ B） they might become a burden of the society （ C） they should fully develop their potentials （ D） disabled children deserve special consideration 7 This passage mainly deals with _. （ A） the differences of children in their learning capabilities （ B） the definiti
20、on of exceptional children in modern society （ C） the special educational programs for exceptional children （ D） the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children 8 From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children _. （ A） is now enjoying legal support （ B） d
21、isagrees with the tradition of the country （ C） was clearly stated by the countrys founders （ D） will exert great influence over court decisions 8 “I have great confidence that by the end of the decade well know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,“ says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert o
22、n cancer. “But,“ he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.“ This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 peop
23、le who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging 13 percent for lung
24、 cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas. With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything
25、 from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated a
26、t the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,“ says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We cant prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.“ The prospect
27、s for cure, though still distant, are brighter. “First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, w
28、e can counteract its action.“ 9 The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to _. （ A） predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade （ B） indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright （ C） prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years （ D） warn that there is
29、still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered 10 The author implies that by the year 2000, _. （ A） there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients （ B） 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living （ C） the survival statistics will be f
30、airly even among patients with various cancers （ D） there wont be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients 11 Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes （ A） that are always in operation in a healthy person （ B） which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated （ C） that can be driv
31、en out of normal cells （ D） which normal cells cant turn off 12 The word “dormant“ in the third paragraph most probably means _. （ A） dead （ B） ever-present （ C） inactive （ D） potential 12 Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds“ to come in blinding flashes or as the res
32、ult of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always
33、 come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal and so it goes with innovation in any fi
34、eld of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators
35、see as solid possibilities. “Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that theres no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,“ wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags an
36、d suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?“ The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person wi
37、ll automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovators will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a dif
38、ferent drummer. 13 What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind“ in the first paragraph? （ A） A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation. （ B） A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity. （ C） A person who has had no education. （ D） An individual who often c
39、omes up with new ideas by accident. 14 According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators? （ A） The variety of ideas they have. （ B） The intelligence they possess. （ C） The way they deal with problems. （ D） The way they present their findings. 15 The author quotes Rudolph Fle
40、sch in Para. 3 because _. （ A） Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity （ B） the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things （ C） the reader is familiar with Rudolph Fleschs point of view （ D） the quotation adds a ne
41、w idea to the information previously presented 16 The phrase “march to a different drummer“ (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are _. （ A） diligent in pursuing their goals （ B） reluctant to follow common ways of doing things （ C） devoted to the progress of scien
42、ce （ D） concerned about the advance of society 考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 136答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 1 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题是细节题，从第 1段可以得出答案。信用 卡持有者可以在商店、饭店、宾馆，在当地、整个国内甚至国外结账，同时他们还能得到银行提供的许多服务。越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取，使持卡人可以在不同地方存取款，无论本地支行是否营业。因此 B项为正确答案。 2 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 A项、 B项、 D项均不正确。第 1段最后一句指出：对于我们中的许多人来说， “无现金社
43、会 ”不是刚刚兴起，而是早己存在。故 C是正确答案。 3 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 ring up sales：记录销售额。故 B项为正确答案。 4 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题是主旨题。三段文章中，有两段讲述计算机的应用，故 B项是正确答案。 A项、 C项、 D项均不恰当。 5 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 作者把特殊儿童比作舞台上的主角，把家庭和社会比做配角和戏剧布景。这一比喻表明，家庭、社会对特殊儿童的成长和发展所起的作用如同配角和戏剧场景对主要演员所起的作用一样。 A项是正确答案。 B项、 C项、 D项均不正确。 6 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 从文章第 3段最后一
44、句 “在过去的 30年中，公共教育对特殊儿童显示出的极大兴趣表明了我们社会的强烈情感 ，即所有公民，无论他们的条件如何特殊，都应该有机会全面发展自己的能力 ”可知， C项为正确答案。 7 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题为主旨题。 D项为正确答案。 A、 B、 C项均属于细节，不是主旨。 8 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 从最后一段第 5句 “近来法院的裁决已经认可所有儿童 无论残疾与否 都有权接受适当教育，并且命令公立学校采取必要措施提供这种教育 ”可知， A项为正确答案。 9 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 从第 1段最后一句 “想一想 Pasteur吧，他发现了许多传染病 病因，但
45、是过了五六十年才有了治疗方法 ”可知， D项为正确答案。 10 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题为推断题。 A、 B、 C项均不正确。 D项正确。 11 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 从第 3段第 2句可知： 70年代初，研究者们取得了重大进展，当时他们发现，在正常细胞中，致癌基因并不活跃。从宇宙射线辐射到饮食的任何东西都可能激活休眠的致癌基因，但如何激活仍然不为人知。如果一些致癌基因被激活，而细胞不能消灭他们，细胞就会变成癌细胞，可知 B为正确答案。 A、C、 D项均不正确。 12 【正确答 案】 C 【试题解析】 activate：激活。 dormant： adj.睡眠状态的；静止的
46、；隐匿的。inactive： adj.无行动的；不活动的；停止的。由上一句 “当时他们发现，在正常细胞中，致癌基因并不活跃 ”可知，答案为 C。 13 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 untaught mind：未受过教育的，无知的。 A项为正确答案。 14 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 第 2段第 2句指出创新者与其他人主要区别在于处理问题的方法不同。此处的方法指的是处理解决问题的方法，不是陈述其发现的 方法。故 C项正确。 A、 B和 D项均未提及。 15 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 日常生活中有许多小发明，这些小发明给人们的生活带来了极大的便利。但是 “为什么以前没人想到呢 ?”其意义在于说明，有些人能想到这些小发明就是因为他们勇于进行创造性思维，喜欢从新的角度去考虑问题，而不是按老方法去做事。这和 B项一致。 A项与文章内容不符。 C项文章未提。 D项与文章内容不符，因为文章并无新观点出现。 16 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 march to a different drummer：按不同的鼓 点前进。按一个鼓点行军，就显得单调。搞研究如只按传统方法，则很难有创新。 B项为正确答案。
