1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 35及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 In a sense, the new protectionism is not protectionism at all, at least not in the traditional sense of the term.The old protectionism referred only to trade restricting and trade expanding devices, such as the tariff or export subsidy.The new prote
2、ctionism is much broader than this;it includes interventions into foreign trade but is not limited to them.The new protectionism, in fact, refers to how the whole of government intervention into the private economy affects international trade.The emphasis on trade is still there, thus came the term
3、“protection“.But what is new is the realization that virtually all government activities can affect international economic relations. The emergence of the new protectionism in the Western world reflects the victory of the interventionist, or welfare economy over the market economy.Jab Tumiler writes
4、, “The old protectionism.coexisted, without any apparent intellectual difficulty with the acceptance of the market as a national as well as an international economic distribution mechanism.Indeed, protectionists as well as (if not more than) free traders stood for laissez faire.Now, as in the 1930s,
5、 protectionism is an expression of a profound skepticism as to the ability of the market to distribute resources and incomes to societies satisfaction.“ It is precisely this profound skepticism of the market economy that is responsible for the protectionism.In a market economy, economic change of va
6、rious colors implies redistribution of resources and incomes.The same opinion in many communities apparently is that such redistributions often are not proper.Therefore, the government intervenes to bring about a more desired result. The victory of the welfare state is almost complete in northern Eu
7、rope.In Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and the Netherlands, government intervention in almost all aspects of economic and social life is considered normal.In Great Britain this is only somewhat less true.Government traditionally has played a very active role in economic life in France and continu
8、ed to do so.Only West Germany dares to go against the tide towards excessive interventionism in Western Europe.It also happens to be the most successful Western European economy. The welfare state has made significant progress in the United States as well as in Western Europe.Social security, unempl
9、oyment insurance, minimum wage laws, and rent control are by now traditional welfare state elements on the American scene. 1 This passage is primarily concerned with discussing_. （ A） the definition of the new protectionism （ B） the difference between new and old protectionism （ C） the emergence of
10、the new protectionism in the Western world （ D） the significance of the welfare state 2 Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of a welfare state mentioned in this passage? （ A） Free education is available to a child. （ B） Laws are made to fix the minimum wage. （ C） A jobless pers
11、on can be insured. （ D） There are regulations for rent. 3 Which of the following inferences is true, according to this passage? （ A） The economy developed faster in welfare states than in non-welfare states. （ B） In the 1930s, protectionism began to rise. （ C） The new protectionism is so called main
12、ly because it is the latest. （ D） Government plays a more active role in economic life in Northern Europe than in Great Britain. 4 The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions? （ A） When did the new protectionism arise? （ B） Why is the new protectionism so popular
13、in northern European countries? （ C） Does the American government play a more active role in economic life than the British government? （ D） Why does the government intervene in economic life? 4 It has been argued that where schools become bureaucratized, they become bound up with the techniques and
14、 implementation of the managerial process, and may concentrate on concern with position and self-advancement.In so doing, they may neglect the purpose for which they were set up. Thus, they do not facilitate the development of those who are part of the school community, and tend to neglect the desir
15、es of children, parents and society at large. It is because of such criticisms that there has been an increasing influence in political rhetoric and legislation of free-market theories of organization and society.Such theories suggest that a much more market-oriented, competitive approach is require
16、d so that schools reorient themselves towards their “clients“.By so doing, it is claimed, not only do they once again address the needs of those with whom they should be primarily concerned, but such an approach also unleashes the benefits of individual responsibility, freedom of choice, and reward.
17、 Though much of this sounds attractive, it has its roots as much in an economic body of thought as in social and political theory, and this must raise the question of whether it can be viably transferred to an educational context.Indeed, if by “educational“ we mean the development of all within the
18、school community, then free-market theory may miss the mark by concentrating on only one section, “the consumers“.If teachers are seen as part of this community, then their development is just as important. If bureaucratic forms of management face the problem of explaining how their values can be ob
19、jective when they are in fact the product of a particular value orientation, the forms of management derived from free-market theories, suggesting an openness to the adoption of different sets of values, are subject to the charge of relativism.In other words, free-market theories, granted that they
20、are arguing that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own ends, must explain why any set of values, including their own, is preferable to another. 5 According to the author, criticism of schools arises from_. （ A） concerns that schools deliberately neglect students （ B） the high cost of edu
21、cation due to bureaucracy （ C） a perception of them as self-serving and bureaucratic （ D） a misunderstanding of schools officials 6 The “school community“ (Line 4 Para.4) the author refers to would probably include_. （ A） students （ B） students and parents （ C） students, parents and teachers （ D） te
22、achers and students 7 The transfer of free market ideas to the schools may fail because_. （ A） schools have no real clients （ B） they concentrate only on the consumer and do not include teachers （ C） schools are totally different from the free market （ D） they have no solid purpose in their aims 8 A
23、ccording to the text, criticism of free market solutions in education arise from the fact that_. （ A） they do not explain why their set of values are better than others （ B） their values are too subjective （ C） their values are too different from those within an educational context （ D） the educatio
24、nal context is not a free market 9 The “charge of relativism“ mentioned in the last paragraph is meant to show_. （ A） the values are too narrow-minded （ B） the values are not specific enough （ C） the values are too self-serving （ D） the values are not strongly held 9 Shoppers who have flocked to onl
25、ine stores for their holiday shopping are losing privacy with every mouse click, according to a new report. The study by the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center scrutinized privacy policies on 100 of the most popular online shopping sites and compared those policies with a set of
26、basic privacy principles that have come to be known as “fair information practices“. The group found that none of the 100 sites met all of the basic criteria for privacy protection, which include giving notice of what information is collected and how it is used, offering consumers a choice over whet
27、her the information will be used in certain ways, allowing access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected, and instituting the kind of security measures that ensure that information wont fall into the wrong hands. “This study shows that somebody else, other
28、than Santa, is reading your Christmas list,“ said Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Media Education, which also worked on the survey. The online privacy of children is protected by Federal Trade Commission rules, but adults do not share the same degree of privacy protection.The move
29、ment, like the online shopping industry, favors self-regulation over imposition of further movement restrictions on electronic commerce. Marc Rosenberg, executive director of the privacy group, said the study shows that self regulations have failed, “We need legislation to enforce fair information p
30、ractices,“ he said, “Consumers are at greater risk than they were in 1997,“ when the group released its first report. The survey also asked whether the 100 sites used “profile-based“ advertising, and whether the sites incorporate “cookies“ technology, which gives Websites basic information on visito
31、rs.Profiling is the practice of gathering in then used to create targeted advertising on Websites. All but 18 of the top shopping sites did display a privacy policy, a major improvement over the early days of electronic commerce, when such policies were scarce.But that did not satisfy the privacy gr
32、oup.“Companies are posting privacy policies, but these policies are not the same thing as fair information practices,“ Rosenberg said. The sites also did not perform well by other measures, the group said it found that 35 of the sites feature profile-based advertising, and 87 percent use cookies.The
33、 group concluded that the phonies that were posted “are typically confusing, incomplete, and inconsistent“.The report, “Surfer Beware III: Privacy Policies Without Privacy Protection, “ is the third such survey by the group.It called for further development of technologies that help consumers protec
34、t their privacy and even anonymity when exploring the Internet. 10 What does the sentence “This study shows that somebody else, other than Santa, is reading your Christmas list“ mean? （ A） The study shows that someone else would buy consumers a gift for Christmas （ B） The study shows that consumersp
35、rivacy is being invaded. （ C） The study shows that companies want to make a Christmas list for children. （ D） The study shows that Santa would not bring the Christmas gifts this year. 11 Which of the following is not in the list of the basic criteria of privacy protection mentioned in paragraph 3? （
36、 A） Give notice of what information is collected and how it is used to consumers. （ B） Allow access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected. （ C） Make consumers believe that the information provided by the sites is surely correct. （ D） Institute the kind of
37、security measures that ensure that the information wont fall into the wrong hands. 12 It could be drawn from the passage that_. （ A） the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center has released at least 3 reports concerning the online privacy （ B） adults cannot get any online privacy prot
38、ection （ C） both the online privacy of children and that of adults are not protected by FTC rules （ D） only 18 of the top shopping sites displayed a privacy policy nowadays 13 What does the passage mainly talk about? （ A） Marc Rosenbergs study on self-regulation. （ B） Some online problems found by a
39、 privacy groups study. （ C） Adults and children are different. （ D） Online security measures. 13 Suppose you go into a fruiterers shop, wanting an apple-you take up one, and on biting it you find it is sour; you look at it, and see that it is hard and green. You take up another one, and that, too, i
40、s hard, green, and sour.The shopman offers you a third; but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour, like those that you have already tried. Nothing can be more simple than that, you think; but if yo
41、u will take the trouble to analyze and trace out into its logical elements what has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprised.In the first place you have performed the operation of induction.You find that, in two experiences, hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness.It
42、 was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the second.True, it is a very small basis, but still it is enough from which to make an induction; you generalize the facts, and you expect to find sourness in apples where you get hardness and greenness.You found upon that a general law, that all h
43、ard and green apples are sour; and that, so far as it goes, is a perfect induction.Well, having got your natural law in this way, when you are offered another apple which you find it hard and green, you say, “all hard and green apples are sour; this apple is hard and green; therefore, this apple is
44、sour.“ That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogism, and has all its various parts and terms-its major premises, its minor premises, and its conclusion.And by the help of further reasoning, which, if drawn out, would have to be exhibited in two or three other syllogisms, you arrive at
45、your final determination, “I will not have that apple.“ So that, you see, you have, in the first place, established a law by induction, and upon that you have founded a deduction, and reasoned out the special particular case. Well now, suppose, having got your conclusion of the law, that at some tim
46、es afterwards, you are discussing the qualities of apple with a friend; you will say to him, “It is a very curious thing, but I find that all hard and green apples are sour!“ Your friend says to you, “But how do you know that?“ You at once reply, “Oh, because I have tried them over and over again, a
47、nd have always found them to be so.“ Well, if we are talking science instead of common sense, we should call that an experimental verification.And, if still opposed, you go further, and say, “I have heard from people, in Somerset shire and Devon shire, where a large number of apples are grown, and i
48、n London, where many apples are sold and eaten, that they have observed the same thing.“ It is also found to be the case in Normandy, and in North America.In short, I find it to be the universal experience of mankind wherever attention has been directed to the subject.Whereupon, your friend, unless
49、he is a very unreasonable man, agrees with you, and is convinced that you are quite right in the conclusion you have drawn.He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive verifications have been made, and results of the same kind arrived at that the more varied the conditions under which the same results are attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further.He sees that the experiment has been tried under all sorts of conditions, as to time, place, and people, w
