1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 56及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Shoppers who have flocked to online stores for their holiday shopping are losing privacy with every mouse click, according to a new report. The study by the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center scrutinized privacy policies on 100 o
2、f the most popular online shopping sites and compared those policies with a set of basic privacy principles that have come to be known as “fair information practices“. The group found that none of the 100 sites met all of the basic criteria for privacy protection, which include giving notice of what
3、 information is collected and how it is used, offering consumers a choice over whether the information will be used in certain ways, allowing access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected, and instituting the kind of security measures that ensure that infor
4、mation wont fall into the wrong hands. “This study shows that somebody else, other than Santa, is reading your Christmas list,“ said Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Media Education, which also worked on the survey. The online privacy of children is protected by Federal Trade Commi
5、ssion rules, but adults do not share the same degree of privacy protection. The movement, like the online shopping industry, favors self-regulation over imposition of further movement restrictions on electronic commerce. Marc Rosenberg, executive director of the privacy group, said the study shows t
6、hat self regulations have failed, “We need legislation to enforce fair information practices,“ he said, “Consumers are at greater risk than they were in 1997,“ when the group released its first report. The survey also asked whether the 100 sites used “profile-based“ advertising, and whether the site
7、s incorporate “cookies“ technology, which gives Websites basic information on visitors. Profiling is the practice of gathering in then used to create targeted advertising on Websites. All but 18 of the top shopping sites did display a privacy policy, a major improvement over the early days of electr
8、onic commerce, when such policies were scarce. But that did not satisfy the privacy group. “Companies are posting privacy policies, but these policies are not the same thing as fair information practices,“ Rosenberg said. The sites also did not perform well by other measures, the group said it found
9、 that 35 of the sites feature profile-based advertising, and 87 percent use cookies. The group concluded that the phonies that were posted “are typically confusing, incomplete, and inconsistent“. The report, “Surfer Beware III: Privacy Policies Without Privacy Protection, “ is the third such survey
10、by the group. It called for further development of technologies that help consumers protect their privacy and even anonymity when exploring the Internet. 1 What does the sentence “This study shows that somebody else, other than Santa, is reading your Christmas list“ mean? （ A） The study shows that s
11、omeone else would buy consumers a gift for Christmas （ B） The study shows that consumersprivacy is being invaded. （ C） The study shows that companies want to make a Christmas list for children. （ D） The study shows that Santa would not bring the Christmas gifts this year. 2 Which of the following is
12、 not in the list of the basic criteria of privacy protection mentioned in paragraph 3? （ A） Give notice of what information is collected and how it is used to consumers. （ B） Allow access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected. （ C） Make consumers believe t
13、hat the information provided by the sites is surely correct. （ D） Institute the kind of security measures that ensure that the information wont fall into the wrong hands. 3 It could be drawn from the passage that_. （ A） the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center has released at least
14、 3 reports concerning the online privacy （ B） adults cannot get any online privacy protection （ C） both the online privacy of children and that of adults are not protected by FTC rules （ D） only 18 of the top shopping sites displayed a privacy policy nowadays 4 What does the passage mainly talk abou
15、t? （ A） Marc Rosenbergs study on self-regulation. （ B） Some online problems found by a privacy groups study. （ C） Adults and children are different. （ D） Online security measures. 4 Suppose you go into a fruiterers shop, wanting an apple you take up one, and on biting it you find it is sour; you loo
16、k at it, and see that it is hard and green. You take up another one, and that, too, is hard, green, and sour. The shopman offers you a third; but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour, like those t
17、hat you have already tried. Nothing can be more simple than that, you think; but if you will take the trouble to analyze and trace out into its logical elements what has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprised. In the first place you have performed the operation of induction. You find t
18、hat, in two experiences, hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness. It was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the second. True, it is a very small basis, but still it is enough from which to make an induction; you generalize the facts, and you expect to find sourness in
19、 apples where you get hardness and greenness. You found upon that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, so far as it goes, is a perfect induction. Well, having got your natural law in this way, when you are offered another apple which you find it hard and green, you say,
20、“all hard and green apples are sour; this apple is hard and green; therefore, this apple is sour.“ That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogism, and has all its various parts and terms its major premises, its minor premises, and its conclusion. And by the help of further reasoning, whi
21、ch, if drawn out, would have to be exhibited in two or three other syllogisms, you arrive at your final determination, “I will not have that apple. “ So that, you see, you have, in the first place, established a law by induction, and upon that you have founded a deduction, and reasoned out the speci
22、al particular case. Well now, suppose, having got your conclusion of the law, that at some times afterwards, you are discussing the qualities of apple with a friend; you will say to him, “It is a very curious thing, but I find that all hard and green apples are sour!“ Your friend says to you, “But h
23、ow do you know that?“ You at once reply, “Oh, because I have tried them over and over again, and have always found them to be so.“ Well, if we are talking science instead of common sense, we should call that an experimental verification. And, if still opposed, you go further, and say, “I have heard
24、from people, in Somerset shire and Devon shire, where a large number of apples are grown, and in London, where many apples are sold and eaten, that they have observed the same thing.“ It is also found to be the case in Normandy, and in North America. In short, I find it to be the universal experienc
25、e of mankind wherever attention has been directed to the subject. Whereupon, your friend, unless he is a very unreasonable man, agrees with you, and is convinced that you are quite right in the conclusion you have drawn. He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more ex
26、tensive verifications have been made, and results of the same kind arrived at that the more varied the conditions under which the same results are attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further. He sees that the experiment has been tried under all sort
27、s of conditions, as to time, place, and people, with the same result; and he says with you, therefore, that the law you have laid down must be a good one, and he must believe it. 5 Apples are used_. （ A） in order to convince the reader that fruit has no intellect （ B） to illustrate the subject of th
28、e passage （ C） to give color to the story （ D） to show how foolish logic is 6 The term “natural law “ as it appears in the text refers to_. （ A） common sense （ B） the result of an induction （ C） the order of nature （ D） a scientific discovery 7 If you find a hard and green apple that is not sour, yo
29、u should_. （ A） try more apples to see if the natural law has changed （ B） eat the rest of the apple at once （ C） reject the law stating that hard and green apples are usually sour （ D） conduct further investigations and make adjustments to the law of apples as necessary 8 The writer is probably_. （
30、 A） French （ B） English （ C） American （ D） None of the above 8 Government is not made in virtue of natural rights, which may and do exist in total independence of it, and exist in much greater clearness, and in a much greater degree of abstract perfection; but their abstract perfection is their prac
31、tical defect. By having a right to everything, men want everything. Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants. Men have a right that these wants should be provided for by this wisdom. Among these wants is to be reckoned the want, out of civil society, of a sufficient res
32、traint upon their passions. Society requires not only that the passions of individuals should be subjected, but that even in the mass and body, as well as in the individuals, the inclinations of men should frequently be thwarted, their will controlled, and their passions brought into subjection. Thi
33、s can only be done by a power out of themselves; and not, in the exercise of its function, subject to that will and those passions which is its office to bridle and subdue. In this sense, the restraints on men, as well as their liberties, are to be reckoned among their rights. But because the libert
34、ies and the restrictions vary with times and circumstances, and admit to infinite modifications, they cannot be settled upon by any abstract rule; and nothing is so foolish as to discuss them upon that principle. The moment you abate anything from the full rights of men, each to govern himself, and
35、suffer any artificial, positive limitation upon those rights, from that moment the whole organization of government becomes a consideration of convenience. This is which makes the constitution of a state, and the due distribution of its powers, a matter of the most delicate and complicated skill. It
36、 requires a deep knowledge of human nature and human necessities, and of the things that facilitate or obstruct the various ends, which are to be pursued by the mechanism of civil institutions. The state is to have recruits to its strength, and remedies to its distempers. What is the use of discussi
37、ng a mans abstract right to food and medicine? The question is upon the method of procuring and administering them. In that deliberation, I shall always advise to call in the aid of the farmer and the physician, rather than the professor of metaphysics. 9 According to the author, government_. （ A） i
38、s made by men （ B） is made in virtue of natural rights （ C） has a right to everything （ D） wants everything 10 The author states that the will and the passions of the people_. （ A） can be effectively controlled by the people themselves （ B） should determine government policies （ C） can be controlled
39、 only by a power that exists apart from the people and is not subject to that will and those passions （ D） cannot be controlled 11 The restraints on men as well as the liberties of men_. （ A） are matters for individual concern （ B） are rights of men （ C） should be of no concern to the government （ D
40、） cannot be tolerated by people 12 Besides a deep knowledge of human nature and human necessities, establishing a constitution of a state and deciding upon its powers require a knowledge of_. （ A） the liberties and restrictions on mans rights （ B） the things which facilitate or obstruct the ends pur
41、sued by the mechanism of civil institutions （ C） the will of all the people （ D） the constitutions of many nations 12 In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her. Pries
42、tly explains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment. This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odds with feve
43、rish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Clines three-year indictment of “fast fashion“. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H her example, cant be knocked off. Though several fast fashion companies have made efforts to curb their imp
44、act on labor and the environment including H people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford to it. 13 Priestly criticizes her assistant for her_. （ A） poor bargaining skill. （ B） insensitivity to fashion. （ C） obsession with high fashion. （ D） lack of imagination. 14 Accordin
45、g to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to_. （ A） combat unnecessary waste. （ B） shut out the feverish fashion world. （ C） resist the influence of advertisements. （ D） shop for their garments more frequently. 15 The word “indictment“(Line 3, Para. 2)is closest in meaning to_. （ A） accusation.
46、（ B） enthusiasm. （ C） indifference. （ D） tolerance. 16 Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? （ A） Vanity has more often been found in idealists. （ B） The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability. （ C） People are more interested in unaffordable garments. （ D） Pricing is
47、vital to environment-friendly purchasing. 17 What is the subject of the text? （ A） Satire on an extravagant lifestyle. （ B） Challenge to a high-fashion myth. （ C） Criticism of the fast-fashion industry. （ D） Exposure of a mass-market secret. 考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 56答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 【知识 模块】 阅读
48、理解 1 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题可参照文章的第 4段。前 3段已经讲到网上购物极易暴露购物者的隐私。第 4段中说读你圣诞购物清单的不一定就是圣诞老人。这是在举例说明文章前三段的内容。所以正确答案为 B。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 2 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题可参照文章第 3段的 the basic criteria for privacy protection，which includegivingofferingallowingand institu ting ，从中可知只有 C项没有列出，因此 C项为正确答案。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 3 【正确答案】 A 【试题解
49、析】 本题的依据是文章最后一段倒数第 2句话 The reportis the third such survey bythe group，从中可知 A项是正确答案。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 4 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 综观全文， A、 C、 D三项与文章无关或者关系不大。只有 B最合适，因此正确答案为 B。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 【知识模块】 阅读理解 5 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题表面上问的是吃苹果这一例子，实际上问的是文章的主要内容。从文中内容可知，通过吃苹果的事例讲解了逻辑上的归纳法和演绎法。因此B项为正确答案。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 6 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题可参照第 2段中间的一句话 Well， having got your natural law in this way,when 。而这一句前面有这样一句话： True， it is a very small basis，but still it is enough fromwhich to make an induction从中可知 B项为正确答案，即 the result of an indu
