1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 93及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an electro-chemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work. After obse
2、rving the demonstrations closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly, “Its a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this?“ “I dont know,“ replied Faraday, “but I do know that 100 years from now youll be taxing them.“ From the demonstration of a prin
3、ciple to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long way, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that
4、have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4,000 years ago to the working of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms.to Hannibals remarkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 B.C. with 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 horsemen and a “conveyor belt“ of 40 elephan
5、ts .or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality. These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, divisions of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaning
6、ful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerging profession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes; among them John Kays Flying Shuttle in 1733, James Hargroves Spinning Jenny in
7、 1770, Samuel Comptons Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwrights Power Loom in 1785. 1 The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that_. （ A） politicians tax everything （ B） people are skeptical about the values of pure research （ C） government should support scientists （ D） he was rejected by h
8、is government 2 Management is defined as_. （ A） the creator of the Industrial Revolution （ B） supervising subordinates （ C） the art of getting things done （ D） an emerging profession 3 Management came into its own_. （ A） in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms （ B） in Hannibals famo
9、us trip across the Alps （ C） in the development of early Christian Church （ D） in the eighteenth century 4 A problem of management NOT mentioned in this passage is_. （ A） the problem of command （ B） division of labor （ C） control by authority （ D） competition 4 By education, I mean the influence of
10、the environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in the habits of behavior, of thought and of attitude. It is in being thus susceptible to the environment that man differs from the animals, and the higher animals from the lower. The lower animals are influenced by the environment bu
11、t not in the direction of changing their habits. Their instinctive responses are few and fixed by heredity. When transferred to an unnatural situation, such an animal is led astray by its instincts. Thus the “ant-lion“ whose instinct implies it to bore into loose sand by pushing backwards with abdom
12、en, goes backwards on a plate of glass as soon as danger threatens, and endeavors, with the utmost exertions to bore into it. It knows no other mode of flight, “or if such a lonely animal is engaged upon a chain of actions and is interrupted, it either goes on vainly with the remaining actions(as us
13、eless as cultivating an unsown field)or dies in helpless inactivity“. Thus a net-making spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a half finished home, will not begin again, though it will continue another burrow, even one made with a pencil.
14、 Advance in the scale of evolution along such lines as these could only be made by the emergence of creatures with more and more complicated instincts. Such beings we know in the ants and spiders. But another line of advance was destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility of which we d
15、o not see the end perhaps even in man. Habits, instead of being born ready-made(when they are called instincts and not habits at all), were left more and more to the formative influence of the environment, of which the most important factor was the parent who now cared for the young animal during a
16、period of infancy in which vaguer instincts than those of the insects were molded to suit surroundings which might be considerably changed without harm. This means, one might at first imagine, that gradually heredity becomes less and environment more important. But this is hardly the truth and certa
17、inly not the whole truth. For although fixed automatic responses like those of the insect-like creatures are no longer inherited, although selection for purification of that sort is no longer going on, yet selection for educability is very definitely still of importance. The ability to acquire habit
18、s can be conceivably inherited just as much as can definite responses to narrow situations. Besides, since a mechanism is now, for the first time, created by which the individual(in contradiction to the species)can be fitted to the environment, the latter becomes, in another sense, less not more imp
19、ortant. And finally, less not the higher animals who possess the power of changing their environment by engineering feats and the like, a power possessed to some extent even by the beaver, and preeminently by man. Environment and heredity are in no case exclusive but always-supplementary factors. 5
20、Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage? （ A） The Evolution of Insects. （ B） Environment and Heredity. （ C） Education: The Influence of the Environment. （ D） The Instincts of Animals. 6 What can be inferred from the example of the ant-lion in the first paragraph? （ A） Insti
21、ncts of animals can lead to unreasonable reactions in strange situations. （ B） When it is engaged in a chain actions it cannot be interrupted. （ C） Environment and heredity are two supplementary factors in the evolution of insects. （ D） Along the lines of evolution heredity becomes less and environm
22、ent more important. 7 Based on the example provided in the passage, we can tell that when a spider is removed to a new position where half of a net has been made, it will probably_. （ A） begin a completely new net （ B） destroy the half-net （ C） spin the rest of the net （ D） stay away from the net 8
23、Which of the following is true about habits according to the passage? （ A） They are natural endowments to living creatures. （ B） They are more important than instincts to all animals. （ C） They are subject to the formative influence of the environment. （ D） They are destined to open out a much more
24、far-reaching possibility in the evolution of human beings. 8 It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal(fatherly)wisdom or at least confirm that hes the kids dad. All he needs to do is shell out $ 30 for paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstore and a
25、nother $ 120 to get the results. More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests direc
26、tly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $ 2500. Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists and supports businesses that offer to search for
27、 a familys geographic roots. Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA. But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people c
28、laiming they are doing ancestry testing,“ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through me
29、n in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-grea
30、t-grandparents. Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means
31、 that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a persons test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outsid
32、e evaluation. 9 In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTKs_. （ A） easy availability （ B） flexibility in pricing （ C） successful promotion （ D） popularity with households 10 PTK is used to_. （ A） locate ones birth place （ B） promote genetic research （ C） identify parent-child kinship （ D） choose chil
33、dren for adoption 11 Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to_. （ A） trace distant ancestors （ B） rebuild reliable bloodlines （ C） fully use genetic information （ D） achieve the claimed accuracy 12 In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is_. （ A） disorgan
34、ized data collection （ B） overlapping database building （ C） excessive sample comparison （ D） lack of patent evaluation 13 An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be_. （ A） Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing （ B） DNA Testing and Its Problems （ C） DNA Testing Outside the Lab （ D） Lies behin
35、d DNA Testing 13 The truly incompetent may never know the depths of their own incompetence, a pair of social psychologists said on Thursday. “We found again and again that people who perform poorly relative to their peers tended to think that they did rather well,“ Justin Kruger, co-author of a stud
36、y on the subject, said in a telephone interview. Kruger and co-author David Dunning found that when it came to a variety of skills logical reasoning, grammar, even sense of humor people who essentially were inept never realized it, while those who had some ability were self-critical. “It had little
37、to do with innate modesty,“ Kruger said, “but rather with a central paradox: Incompetents lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically. Once they get those skills, they know where they stand, even if that is at the bottom.“ “Americans and Western Europeans especially had an unre
38、alistically sunny assessment of their own capabilities,“ Dunning said by telephone in a separate interview, “while Japanese and Koreans tended to give a reasonable assessment of their performance. In certain areas, such as athletic performance, which can be easily quantified, there is less self-delu
39、sion, the researchers said. But even in some cases in which the failure should seem obvious, the perpetrator is blithely unaware of the problem.“ This was especially true in the areas of logical reasoning, where research subjects students at Cornell University, where the two researchers were based o
40、ften rated themselves highly even when they flubbed all questions in a reasoning test. Later, when the students were instructed in logical reasoning, they scored better on a test but rate themselves lower, having learned what constituted competence in this area. Grammar was another area in which obj
41、ective knowledge was helpful in determining competence, but the more subjective area of humor posed different challenges, the researchers said. Participants were asked to rate how funny certain jokes were, and compare their responses with what an expert panel of comedians thought. On average, partic
42、ipants overestimated their sense of humor by about 16 percentage points. This might be thought of as the “above-average effect“, the notion that most Americans would rate themselves as above average, a statistical impossibility. The researchers also conducted pilot studies of doctors and gun enthusi
43、asts. The doctors overestimated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnoses and the gun fanciers thought they knew more than they actually did about gun safety. So who should be trusted: The person who admits incompetence or the one who shows confidence? Neither, according to Dunning.
44、 “You cant take them at their word. Youve got to take a look at their performance,“ Dunning added. 14 Why do incompetent people rarely know they are inept? （ A） They are too inept to know what competence is. （ B） They are not skillful at logical reasoning, grammar, and sense of humor. （ C） They lack
45、 the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically. （ D） They have some ability to over criticize themselves. 15 Which of the following statement is NOT true, according to the passage? （ A） Students at Cornell University often rated themselves highly even when they flubbed all questions i
46、n a reasoning test. （ B） Grammar was an area in which objective knowledge was helpful in determining competence. （ C） Participants in the test estimated their sense of humor by about 16 percentage points. （ D） Students scored better on a logical reasoning test but rated themselves lower. 16 What do
47、you know about “above-average effect“ based on the passage? （ A） Most Americans assess themselves as above average. （ B） American doctors overestimated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnoses. （ C） American gun enthusiasts thought they knew more than they actually did about gun sa
48、fety. （ D） All of the above. 考博英语（阅读理解 ）模拟试卷 93答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 【知识模块】 阅读理解 1 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题可参照第二段。第二段中一官员问实验虽然精彩，但有什么用 ?从这句话不难看出人们对于科学新发现都是持怀疑态度的。因此 B项为正确答案。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 2 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 本题的依据是文章第四段的第二句话 are closely related to the history of management， the art of getting things
49、done，从中可知 C项为正确答案。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 3 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题的依据是文章最后一段的 But the real impetus to management as an emerging profession was the Industrial Revolution，从中可知 D项是正确答案。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 4 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题的依据是文章最后一段的 the problems of authority,divisions of labor,discipline， unity of command， clarity of direction，从中可知，提到了管理学上的政令、分工、权威等因素，但没提到竞争。因此 D项为正确答案。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 【知识模块】 阅读理解 5 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 从文中内容可知，作者是在讲外部环境和遗传是互补的因素。四个选项中，只有 B项包含了外部环境和遗传两个方面，因此 B项为正确答案。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 6 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题可参照第 l段中间一句话 i
