1、考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷 23及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Based on accumulated social research, there now can be little doubt that successful and well-adjusted children in modern societies are most likely to come from two-parent families consisting of the biological father and mother. Alternative family fo
2、rms which are attempted, such as single parent and stepfamilies, have been demonstrated to be inferior in child outcomes. The recent movement away from the two-natural-parent family has led to considerable social malaise among the young, not to mention social decay in general. It can be argued that
3、child well-being would be enhanced if families lived among care-giving relatives and in supportive communities, but this has become an ever-diminishing situation. Historically, a substantial stripping down has occurred of both the extended family and the cohesive neighborhood, and this trend is prob
4、ably irreversible. The state has tried to fill the vacuum, but without much success. The two-parent nuclear family therefore may be more important today for children, and for society in general, than ever before in history. Constituting one of the greatest dilemmas faced by modern societies, however
5、, is the fact that nuclear families themselves are breaking apart at dramatically high rate. The chances in some societies are now less than 50 to 50, thanks mainly to divorce, that a child will live continuously to adulthood with both natural parents. This is despite the fact that, unlike in times
6、past, parents now almost always live to see their children reach maturity. One fundamental reason for the high break-up rate is that the nature of marriage has changed. Not so long ago marriage was an economic bond of mutual dependency, a social bond heavily upheld by extended families. Today, marri
7、age is none of these. The economic bond has become displaced by affluence, by female economic pursuit, and by state support; extended family pressures on marriages have all but vanished; and modern societies have become increasingly unconcerned with religions. Marriage has become a purely individual
8、 pursuit; an implied and not very enforceable contract between two people; a relationship designed to satisfy basic needs for intimacy, dependency and sex. When these needs change, or when a presumptively better partner is discovered, marriages are easily dissolved. Moreover, more of the everyday ne
9、eds, traditionally met by marriage, can be met in other ways, such as through the marketplace. With its surrounding and supporting social structures collapsing, can there be any hope that the nuclear family can be revived? Yes the basis for hope lies in the fundamental biological and psychological m
10、akeup of humankind, ff the evolutionary biologists are correct, human beings are a pair-bonding species. (438 words) 1 What kind of family is most ideal for a childs success according to the passage? （ A） Extended family. （ B） Single-parent family. （ C） Stepfamily. （ D） Nuclear family. 2 What does “
11、an extended family“ mean (Line 3 4, Para. 2)? （ A） A family which has good neighborhood. （ B） A family which has many children. （ C） A family which contains several generations and relatives. （ D） A family which has no children. 3 Which of the following is true of todays children? （ A） All children
12、can live among care-giving relatives and in supportive communities. （ B） More than half of parents get divorced before their children reach adulthood. （ C） Only nuclear families can live together with their children all their lives. （ D） Parents now can hardly live to see their children reach maturi
13、ty. 4 Which is NOT the reason for the high divorce rate? （ A） The past economic bond has been relieved. （ B） Big family pressures on marriage has disappeared. （ C） Both men and women are still looking for a better partner after marriage. （ D） Basic need for intimacy, dependency and sex can be satisf
14、ied. 5 Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? （ A） All females are working to support themselves nowadays. （ B） Despite a high rate of divorce, human beings are still pair-bonding. （ C） Marriage is an enforceable contract between husband and wife. （ D） Bonding between male and fema
15、le by marriage will vanish some day. 5 After completing their medical-history forms, patients at the Hope Clinic for Women in Granite City, 111. are asked an unusual question; would they be willing to write a letter thanking the nine US Supreme Court Justices for the right to have an abortion? Few r
16、efused. Says Lori. 30. a businesswoman who terminated her pregnancy there earlier this month; “It really makes me mad that they are trying to outlaw it. “ For months, pro-abortion advocates have been desperately trying to harness the anger of women like Lori. The reason; they fear that the high cour
17、t, with its newly conservative majority, may tamper with the landmark Roe V. Wade ruling, which legalized abortion nationwide in 1973. Defenders of abortion rights have good reason to be concerned. Since the courts last major abortion ruling in 1986, Justice Lewis Powell, who was part of the pro-cho
18、ice majority, has been replaced by Justice Anthony Kennedy. Choice advocates feel Kennedy would not have been appointed unless the President believed he was willing to strike down Roe. Galvanized by the threat to Roe, pro-choice groups have embarked on an all-out lobbying effort. The National Organi
19、zation for Women is planning a huge march in Washington on April 9. The National Abortion Rights Action League is organizing a drive to send a million postcards to the high court. Another tactic is to elicit a large outpouring of friend-of-court briefs from groups like bar associations, civil rights
20、 organizations, Senators and Congressmen, and population-control organizations. The choice forces also hope to persuade the American Medical Association to file a brief on the medical advantages of legal abortions. Advocates of such operations see them as the only safe alternative to often fatal cla
21、ndestine methods, symbolized by the coat-hanger emblems on many pro-choice posters. The view that abortion at least does no: harm women got a boost last week from a surprising source: Surgeon General C. Everett Koop, who, after a year of study, found no proof that women obtaining legal abortions suf
22、fered a greater incidence of physical or psychological harm than women who brought their pregnancies to term. Some critics of the pro-choice strategy argue that efforts to lobby the court may do more harm than good. “A letter-writing campaign is a wonderful thing to do if youre trying to persuade Co
23、ngress,“ says an experienced Supreme Court lawyer. “Its not what you do to the Supreme Court of the United States. “ But now President Molly Yard counters that the court is influenced by public opinion- as is every other political institution in this country. “ The truth of that claim, like the futu
24、re of abortion rights, may be put to a decisive test this term. (440 words) 6 What does “it“(Line 5, Para. 1) refer to? （ A） Pregnancy. （ B） The right of abortion. （ C） An unusual question. （ D） Writing a letter. 7 It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the President_. （ A） is in favor of
25、choice advocates （ B） does not like the idea of abortion （ C） wants Roe to be arrested （ D） is not very popular in the country 8 Surgeon General C.Everett Koops study boosted pro-choice forces because_. （ A） abortion causes no more harm to woman than otherwise （ B） it proves that Koop is a choice ad
26、vocate （ C） women are mentally healthier if they are given the right to have an abortion （ D） it convinces people that abortion is the only alternative to fatal clandestine methods 9 “Pro-choice“(Line 2. Para. 3)_. （ A） advocates the legal right of a woman to choose whether or not she will have an a
27、bortion （ B） brings her pregnancy to term （ C） fights against abortion （ D） is an illegal movement 10 In the eyes of some critics of the pro-choice strategy, _. （ A） it is illegal for the pro-choice advocates to launch the letter-writing campaign （ B） the pro-choice advocates should try to win the s
28、upport of the Congress （ C） the Congress is easier to influence than the Supreme Court （ D） the Supreme Court is influenced by the public opinion just as other institutions 10 The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers claims that heat pumps can provide as many
29、as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation. Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapour phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a lo
30、w-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapour and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant,as a high-pressure
31、, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing th
32、e temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body air: room air and outside air, respectively. The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. Wh
33、en the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air. Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservati
34、on been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation. Unfortunately, there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature
35、 falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump
36、 cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the singlespeed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant and thus the thermal energy it ca
37、rries is less if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression. Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climates heat is needed heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat. (441 words) 11 The primary purpose of the passage is to_. （ A） explain the differences
38、in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes （ B） contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps （ C） describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use （ D） advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps 12 The author resolves the question of whether hea
39、t pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation by_. （ A） carefully clarifying the meaning of that principle （ B） explaining that heat pumps can cool, as well as heat, room air （ C） supplying additional relevant facts （ D） denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps 13 If the a
40、uthors assessment of the use of heat pumps is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case? （ A） It is advisable for a producer to exaggerate the advantages of the product in an advertisement. （ B） Advertisers should put financial profits fir
41、st. （ C） Do not say anything unscientifical or untrue in your advertisements. （ D） Do not assume that the prospective clients can know everything you are talking about in your advertisement. 14 The role of the “flow restriction“(Line 6, Para. 2) in a heat pump is to_ （ A） measure accurately the flow
42、 rate of the refrigerant mass at that point （ B） reduce the pressure to bring about the evaporation and cooling of refrigerant （ C） stop the refrigerant from further moving （ D） reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed 15 What conclusion can we make based on the whole passage? （ A） Heat
43、 pumps are not efficient in supplying heat in coldness. （ B） Heat pumps can find applications everywhere. （ C） Heat pumps are of no use at all. （ D） The inner structure of a heat pump is so complex that it has already been out of date. 考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷 23答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 【知识模块】 阅读理解 1 【正
44、确答案】 D 【试题解析】 参考第一段。 nuclear family是 “小家庭 ”之意。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 2 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 extended family“大家庭 ”之意。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 3 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 第三段第二句意思为 “在某些社会里，能够与亲生父母生活到成年的孩子现在不到一半，主要原因是父母离婚了。 ” 【知识模块】 阅读理解 4 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 C项的内容在文章中没有提到。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 5 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 虽然作者用了大量的篇幅叙说了高离婚率，但在最后一段还是表现出乐观的态度。他认为
45、小家庭的存在是永远的，因为人具有喜欢成对成双的秉性，故选 B。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 【知识模块】 阅读理解 6 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 it指 “打胎 ”的权力。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 7 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 第三段最后一句用了 虚拟语气，所以理解的时候要反过来：选择派认为，除非总统相信肯尼迪愿意推翻 Roe的法规，否则他是当不了大法官的。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 8 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 文章第五段最后一句： Everett Koop没有发现合法打胎的妇女在身心方面所受的伤害大于正常生产的妇女。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 9 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】
46、“pro-”表示 “赞同 ”。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 10 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 参考文章最后一段，有些赞成流产的评 论家认为，游说最高法院是没有用处的，但是如果写信给国会倒是一件很好的主意。言下之意，议会会员比法官们更容易听取老百姓的呼声。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 【知识模块】 阅读理解 11 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 第一段提出的是热泵功能广告违背了能量守恒定律，第二段和第三段描述的是热泵运作的原理，第四段从假设条件来证明热泵是遵循能量守恒定律的，第五段和第六段讲的是热泵的缺陷。 C项包括了这几方面的内容。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 12 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 在
47、第一段 最后，作者提出热泵广告违反了能量守恒定律，然后在第二段到第四段详细叙述了热泵的工作原理，从而使大众弄清热泵与能量守恒定律之间的关系，故选 A。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 13 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 文章一开头就说 “人们不再使用热泵了 ”，这是什么原因引起的呢 ?作者认为，广告商对热泵使用的介绍违反了能量守恒定律，使得顾客不相信。作者认为广告商要以此为戒，不要说一些令产品潜在的买主难以置信的事情，故选C。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 14 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 参考文章 第二段第五句。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 15 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 文章最后的结论是 “热泵的确存在着问题，即在极度寒冷的天气里，人们需要热能，热泵所提供的热 能是远远不够的。 ” 【知识模块】 阅读理解
