1、考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷 25及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 All the getting and giving is possible through an organization called Freecycle, a grassroots movement of people who give away things for free in their own towns. Each local group is run by a local volunteer moderator. All of the trading is done onl
2、ine. Membership is free. Freecycle is open to individuals and non-profit organizations. The Freecycle Network was started in 2003 in Tucson, Arizona, to promote waste reduction and help save desert landscape from being taken over by landfills. In just two years the idea has spread worldwide. The pro
3、cess is quite simple. Go to www. freecycle. org and find a group near you. (If theres not one close, consider starting one yourself. ) Then when you want to find a new home for something, just send an e-mail offering it to members of your Freecycle group. Some groups have restrictions on what you ca
4、n and cannot post, but most limitations are simply that the item needs to be completely free, legal, and appropriate for all ages. What you offer doesnt matter: computer parts, couch, clothing, an old window, broken car, perfume, whatever. If you have it and dont want it, someone else probably can p
5、ut it to good use. If something is posted that youre interested in obtaining, simply respond to the members offer. The giver decides who receives the gift and sets up a pickup time for passing on the treasure. Sometimes its as simple as “Ill leave it on the front porch of 123 Main St. , come by anyt
6、ime. “ Many local networks also allow “wanted“ posts. If youre looking for a 10 gallon aquarium, check with Freecycle first. Odds are good someone may have one sitting in their basement collecting dust. While each individual network may have slightly different restrictions, most are similar. There a
7、re generally four types of posts and these words must appear in the subject line of your email: Wanted: xxx, Offer: xxx, Taken: xxx, or Found: xxx. Generally, you should elaborate a bit in your emails as to why you are in need of something or why you are interested in picking up the item. Please sav
8、e your entire life story for another forum, but responses like “Im interested“ will likely get deleted. On the other hand, something like: “Im a single mom who just moved here after my divorce. Id love to pick up your washing machine tonight. I would greatly appreciate not having to squeeze in time
9、to go to the laundry after work,“ will likely get consideration. Be sincere. Dont make up a woeful story trying to get something. The intent of Freecycle is to help others by giving and getting. And at the same time, help the environment. What a great, fun organization. (450 words) 1 What is the mos
10、t suitable title for this passage? （ A） Freecycle Means Free Stuff and a Cleaner Environment. （ B） A Very Useful Website. （ C） A Good Way to Give and Get. （ D） Freecycle Intends to Avoid Cabbage. 2 What does “it“(Line 5, Para. 2) refer to? （ A） Email. （ B） Something. （ C） Home. （ D） Freecycle group.
11、 3 What is NOT true according to the passage? （ A） It is very likely to obtain something from a non-profit organization. （ B） What is not useful for you may be just what others need. （ C） You may need to create a freecycle organization if you cant find one nearby. （ D） You have to meet with the give
12、r if you want the thing he offers. 4 The underlined sentence Odds are good someone may have one sitting in their basement collecting dust“ is closest in meaning to that_. （ A） its very strange that someone should have one sitting in their basement collecting dust （ B） chances are that what you want
13、is just lying idle in your neighbors house （ C） you are fortunate that someone kind will collect dust in your basement （ D） its likely that someone may be waiting for you in his basement 5 What statement is true according to the passage? （ A） You should write a long and detailed email so that others
14、 can get a clearer picture of what you want. （ B） You can beg for sympathy so that others can give you more items. （ C） The taker can be informed of the pickup time by the giver on the website. （ D） You can make friends through the Freecycle group. 5 Underground Railroad in U. S. history was a loose
15、ly organized system for helping fugitive slaves escape to Canada or to areas of safety in free states. It was run by local groups of Northern abolitionists, both white and free blacks. The metaphor first appeared in print in the early 1840s, and other railroad terminology was soon added. The escapin
16、g slaves were called passengers; the homes where they were sheltered, stations; and those who guided them, conductors. This nomenclature, along with the numerous, somewhat glorified, personal reminiscences written by conductors in the postwar period, created the impression that the Underground Railr
17、oad was a highly systematized, national, secret organization that accomplished prodigious feats in stealing slaves away from the South. In fact, most of the help given to fugitive slaves on their varied routes north was spontaneously offered and came not only from abolitionists or self-styled member
18、s of the Underground Railroad, but from anyone moved to sympathy by the plight of the runaway slave before his eyes. The major part played by free blacks, of both North and South, and by slaves on plantations along the way in helping fugitives escape to freedom was underestimated in nearly all early
19、 accounts of the railroad. Moreover, the resourcefulness and daring of the fleeing slaves themselves, who were usually helped only after the most dangerous part of their journey (i. e. , the Southern part) was over, were probably more important factors in the success of their escape than many conduc
20、tors readily admitted. In some localities, like Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Wilmington, Del. , and Newport, Ind. (site of the activities of Levi Coffin ), energetic organizers did manage to loosely systematize the work; Quakers were particularly prominent as conductors, and among the free blacks the e
21、xploits of Harriet Tubman stand out. In all cases, however, it is extremely difficult to separate fact from legend, especially since relatively few enslaved blacks, probably no more than a few thousand a year between 1840 and 1860, escaped successfully. Far from being kept secret, details of escapes
22、 on the Underground Railropd were highly publicized and exaggerated in both the North and the South, although for different reasons. 1 he abolitionists used the Underground Railroad as a propaganda device to dramatize the evils of slavery; Southern slaveholders publicized it to illustrate Northern i
23、nfidelity to the fugitive slave laws. The effect of this publicity, with its repeated tellings and exaggerations of slave escapes, was to create an Underground Railroad legend that correctly represented a humanitarian ideal of the pre-Civil War period, but that stayed far from reality. The pioneer s
24、tudy is W. H. Siebert, The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom (1898, repr. 1968); for an extensively revised account, see Larry Gara, The Liberty Line (1961). (450 words) 6 “Underground Railroad“ here refers to_. （ A） a railroad running underground （ B） subway in the United States （ C） tub
25、es in the United Kingdom （ D） an organization stealing slaves away from the South 7 What is the possible meaning of “abolitionists“(Line 3, Para. 1)? （ A） Free black people. （ B） Aggressive white people. （ C） Those who were against slavery. （ D） The leaders of the organization. 8 Which statement of
26、the following is true? （ A） All the cases of black peoples escape are true. （ B） All the assistance to slaves was given by Underground Railroad. （ C） The escaping slaves usually went to Canada by train. （ D） It is a metaphor to call the person who gave help to the escaping slaves conductor. 9 Who wa
27、s probably the more important factor in the success of slaves escape? （ A） Conductor. （ B） Abolitionist. （ C） Slave. （ D） Free black. 10 Who, as a black conductor, made the greatest contribution to black slaves escape? （ A） Quakers. （ B） W. H. Siebert. （ C） Harrit Tubman. （ D） Unclear. 10 Justice in
28、 society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the exp
29、ression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. “ That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in
30、 many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed- that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishmen
31、t equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the dea
32、th penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due. Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It trie
33、s to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial b
34、ehaviour must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of c
35、rime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of c
36、rime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part. (450 words) 11 The best title for this selection is_. （ A） Fitting Punishment to the Crime （ B） Approaches to Just Punishment （ C） Improvement in Legal Justice （ D） Attaining Justice in the Courts 12 H
37、egel would view the death sentence for murder as_. （ A） inadequate justice （ B） an admission of not being able to cure a disease （ C） the best way for society to get revenge （ D） an inalienable birthright of the murderer 13 What is NOT true according to the passage? （ A） In modern times, retributive
38、 justice is not adopted in legal practice. （ B） The aim of corrective justice is to find a more adequate way to express the concept of equality. （ C） Severe punishment is still applicable in terms of corrective justice. （ D） Corrective justice is to let everyone realize the best that is in him. 14 T
39、he punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be_. （ A） forced labour （ B） imprisonment （ C） fair sentence （ D） the electric chair 15 The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye. and a tooth for a tooth“ was presented in order to （ A） prove that equality dem
40、ands just punishment （ B） justify the need for punishment as a part of law （ C） give moral backing to retributive justice （ D） show that man has long been interested in justice 考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷 25答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 【知识模块】 阅读理解 1 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本文中心思想是介绍 Freecycle“免费物品交换站 ”，四个选项里只有 A项点到了这个
41、关键词。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 2 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 it应该指的是上面的 something。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 3 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 根据文章第四段第二句，我们可以看出捐物者和受物者有时无需见面，故选 D。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 4 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 Odds are good相当于 Change are that，或相当于 It is possible that。通过上一句，我们可以看出此句的意思是 “完全有可能别人家里正好有一个能盛 10加仑水的鱼缸闲置在地下室装垃圾呢 ”。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 5 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】
42、 参考第四段， A、 B和 D都是与文章相反。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 【知识模块】 阅读理解 6 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 文章第一句就是对 Underground Railroad的解释：它是一个在美国内战时期 民间自发的帮助黑奴逃离南方的松散性组织。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 7 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 abolitionist“废奴主义者 ”。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 8 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 metaphor是 “比喻 ”之意。文章把该组织称为 “地下铁路 ”，把指导人员称为 “售票员 ”，把逃跑的奴隶称为 “旅客 ”，这些都是比喻的说法。 【知识模块】 阅读理
43、解 9 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 参考第七句。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 10 【正确答案 】 C 【试题解析】 参考文章中间部分：在已获自由的黑人里， Harriet Tubman的功绩是显著的。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 【知识模块】 阅读理解 11 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 文章一开始就指出，社会的公正包括两个方面：对被告的公正审判以及对罪犯恰当的惩罚。然后，作者就报应型公正 (第一段 )和改正型公正 (第二段 )分别进行了论述。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 12 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 在文章第一段后半部分，黑格尔认为社会对犯人的惩处应该和他所犯下 的罪行相等。既然罪犯以自
44、己的行动否定了自己，他就得为他过错弥补。如果该判他死刑，他就必须去死，这也是政府赋予罪犯的一种义务。这个观点与D“是杀人犯与生俱来的权利 ”相似，故选 D。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 13 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 参考第一段第七句，报应型公正做法迄今还在用。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 14 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 “死刑电椅 ”在文章里不但没有提到，而且与改正型的精神不符，故选 D. 【知识模块】 阅读理解 15 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 从文章第一段第二句后半部分 we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime中的 earlier可以看出，作者想说的是人类很早就注意这方面了，故选 D。 【知识模块】 阅读理解
