1、职称英语理工类 A级（阅读理解）模拟试卷 2及答案与解析 一、 阅读理解 (第 31-45题，每题 3分，共 45分 ) 下面有 3篇短文后有 5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题选 1个最佳选项。 0 Motoring Technology 1. 2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year, plus a further 50 million injuries. To reduce car crash rate, much research now is focused on safety and new fuels though some el
2、ectric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster. Traveling at speed has always been risky. One cutting edge area of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants. They can ensure you dont miss crucial road signs or fall asleep. The use of artificial intelligence softwa
3、re allows these assistants to monitor your driving and makes sure your phone or radio doesnt distract you at a vital moment. Most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults. Some safety developments aim to improve your vision. Radar can spot obstacles in fog, while other technology “sees th
4、rough“ high-sided vehicles blocking your view. And improvements to seat belts, pedal controls and tyres are making driving smoother and safer. The color of a car has been found to be linked with safety, as have, less surprisingly, size and shape. And alternatives to fossil-fuel based petrol, such as
5、 plant oils, are a hot area of research. Fuel cells based on hydrogen burn cleanly, and are the subject of a serious research effort. But whatever is in the fuel tank, you dont want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations, some using satellite tracking and remote communicati
6、ons, to fight against car theft. These communication systems can also come into play if you crash, automatically calling for help. Accidents cause many traffic jams, but there are more subtle interplays between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road, such jams can be analyzed usi
7、ng statistical tools. Robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyones personal chauffeur, but their latest efforts suggest that wont be soon. 1 What are researchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to a shocking rate
8、? （ A） They are developing faster electric vehicles. （ B） They are analyzing road deaths occurring worldwide every year. （ C） They focus their research on safety and new fuels. （ D） They are designing fully automatic cars. 2 According to the second paragraph, most road accidents happen_. （ A） becaus
9、e drivers fall asleep （ B） because drivers make mistakes （ C） because of engine failure （ D） because of speeding 3 Which of the safety developments is NOT mentioned in the passage? （ A） Radars that can help drivers to see obstacles in fog. （ B） Devices that help drivers to see through big vehicles.
10、（ C） Improvements in seat belts, pedal controls and tyres. （ D） Windscreens that can help drivers to improve their vision. 4 What is NOT the purpose of innovations that use satellite tracking and remote communications? （ A） To prevent car thieves from getting into your car. （ B） To call for help whe
11、n ones car crashes. （ C） To call for help when the car gets jammed in the traffic. （ D） To track the car down when it is being stolen. 5 What is true of robotic drivers? （ A） It will take some time before robotic drivers can be put to practical use. （ B） Robotic drivers are not allowed to drive on b
12、usy roads. （ C） Robotic drivers can never replace human drivers. （ D） Robotic drivers are too expensive to use. 5 Million Americans Suffer from Social Anxiety Disorder Social anxiety disorder prevents some 15 million Americans from leading normal social and romantic lives, a new survey finds. The di
13、sorder leaves many isolated, ashamed and often misdiagnosed. Thirty-six percent of those with social anxiety disorder have symptoms for 10 years or more before seeking help, the Anxiety Disorders Association of America reports. “Social anxiety disorder is when somebody has an intense, persistent and
14、 irrational fear of social or performance situations,“ Jerilyn Ross, the associations president and CEO, said during a teleconference Wednesday. “The condition causes people to avoid common, everyday situations and even other people for fear of being judged or criticized or humiliated or embarrassin
15、g themselves,“ Ross said. Social anxiety disorder can interfere with daily routines and job performance, Ross noted. “It also makes it very difficult for people to develop friends and romantic partnerships,“ she said. People with this disorder recognize their fear is excessive and irrational, Ross n
16、oted. “But they feel powerless to do anything about it,“ she said. Social anxiety disorder can start in the early teens, Dr. Mark H. Pollack, director of the Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders and a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, said during the teleconference. “Th
17、is is a disorder that starts affecting people early on,“ Pollack said. “The typical age of onset is early adolescence, age 12 or 13, and many individuals report a history of anxiety dating back to earlier childhood. “ The disorder also has physical symptoms, including heart palpitations, feelings th
18、at their throat will close up, sweating, blushing, faintness, trembling and stammering, Ross said. Among people with the disorder, 75 percent said the condition affected their ability to do normal activities. In addition, 69 percent said they didnt want people to think they were crazy, and 58 percen
19、t said they were embarrassed by their condition, Ross said. However, when the condition is diagnosed and treated, many reported improvement in their lives. In fact, 59 percent who were receiving treatment said treatment had a positive effect on their ability to have a romantic relationship. In addit
20、ion, 39 percent who had received treatment said knowing that treatment can be successful aided their decision to get help, Ross noted. 6 People with social anxiety disorder are known for their fear of_. （ A） being left alone （ B） leading normal lives （ C） embarrassing other people （ D） facing social
21、 or performance situations 7 What do people with social anxiety disorder think of their fear? （ A） They think its beyond their control. （ B） They think its beneficial. （ C） They think its controllable. （ D） They think its justified. 8 Which is NOT true of people with social anxiety disorder? （ A） Th
22、eyre often isolated and ashamed. （ B） They find it difficult to get timely treatment. （ C） They often fail to get timely treatment. （ D） They tend to judge or criticize other people. 9 The symptoms of social anxiety disorder include all the following EXCEPT （ A） heart palpitations （ B） sore throat （
23、 C） sweating （ D） blushing 10 It can be seen from the last paragraph that treatment of the disorder_. （ A） has no positive effect at all （ B） is unavailable to most sufferers （ C） tends to be refused by the sufferers （ D） can lead to improvement in the sufferers lives 10 Early United States Reinterp
24、reted by Bernard Bailyn Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial No
25、rth America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the
26、English they would rather have stayed home by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New Worl
27、d community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyns third proposition suggests two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants; one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,
28、 Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 173
29、0s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core
30、 and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished univers
31、ity, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated j
32、ust prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to Am
33、erican employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicio
34、us of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic. 11 Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the text? （ A） A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiri
35、ng land. （ B） Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans. （ C） Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth centur
36、y. （ D） By the 1730s, migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American employers than were unskilled laborers. 12 The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to_. （ A） give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England. （ B） des
37、cribe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States. （ C） take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to acquire land. （ D） relate the experience of the migrants to the pol
38、itical values that eventually shaped the character of the United States. 13 Which of the following best summarizes the authors evaluation of Bailyns fourth proposition? （ A） It is totally implausible. （ B） It is partially acceptable. （ C） It is highly admirable. （ D） It is controversial though persu
39、asive. 14 According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about the culture of colonial New England? （ A） High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of England. （ B） The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generally been unrecogn
40、ized by historians. （ C） The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did not develop a culture that was uniquely their own. （ D） The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England. 15 The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the fol
41、lowing statements about Bailyns work? （ A） Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture. （ B） Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great Britain. （ C） Bailyns description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire is misleading a
42、nd incorrect. （ D） Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial North America. 15 Think and Act or Act and Think The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formu
43、lating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them
44、 to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition
45、is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for ca-priciousness. Isenbergs recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, t
46、hey intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is
47、to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! Experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use
48、 such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in
49、this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzin
