1、职称英语（卫生类） A级模拟试卷 12及答案与解析 一、 词汇选项 (第 1-15题，每题 1分，共 15分 ) 下面每个句子中均有 1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定 1个意义最为接近选项。 1 1. Sally likes to tease her brother about his girl friends. （ A） charm （ B） laugh at （ C） criticize （ D） respect 2 2. Americas emphasis on the importance of education for everyone has spurred
2、 scientific research. （ A） encouraged （ B） endangered （ C） endorsed （ D） enlarged 3 3. You have to follow the guide whose sole interest is to cover all spots according to his strict schedule. （ A） obvious （ B） simple （ C） only （ D） assumed 4 4. In 1861, it seemed inevitable that the Southern states
3、would break away from the Union. （ A） strange （ B） certain （ C） inconsistent （ D） proper 5 5. Techniques to harness the energy of the sun are being developed. （ A） convert （ B） store （ C） utilize （ D） receive 6 6. First editions of certain popular books cannot be obtained for love or money. （ A） at
4、any place （ B） at any price （ C） in any language （ D） in any country 7 7. In a bullfight, it is the movement, not the color of objects that arouses the bull. （ A） confuses （ B） excites （ C） scares （ D） diverts 8 8. Sulfur has occasionally been found in the earth in an almost pure state. （ A） regular
5、ly （ B） accidentally （ C） sometimes （ D） successfully 9 9. Many fine cooks insist on ingredients (成分 ) of the highest quality. （ A） demand （ B） rely on （ C） prepare for （ D） create 10 10. The company recommended that a new petrol station (should) be built here. （ A） ordered （ B） insisted （ C） sugges
6、ted （ D） demanded 11 11. It hard for the young people to imagine what severe conditions their parents once lived under. （ A） sincere （ B） hard （ C） strict （ D） tight 12 12. They agreed to settle the dispute by peaceful means. （ A） solve （ B） determine （ C） untie （ D） complete 13 13. The police conte
7、nded that the difficulties they faced were too severe. （ A） argued （ B） predicted （ C） said （ D） suggested 14 14. He expressed concern that the ship might be in distress. （ A） despair （ B） difficulty （ C） need （ D） danger 15 15. The most pressing problem any economic system faces is how to use its s
8、carce resources. （ A） puzzling （ B） difficult （ C） terrifying （ D） urgent 二、 阅读判断 (第 16-22 题，每题 1分，共 7分 ) 下面的短文后列出了 7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。 15 Spare a Kidney? It is no longer unusual for a spouse or relative to donate a kidney t0 a loved one,
9、 but the number of Americans who have given a kidney to a friend, a co-worker or even a complete stranger has risen sharply from 68 in 1994 to 176 in 1998. There are many reasons. First, its possible to live a normal life with only one kidney. (The remaining kidney enlarges to make up most of the di
10、fference.)In addition a kidney from a live donor lasts longer than a kidney taken from someone who has died suddenly. But the biggest change in the past few years is that transplant surgeons have started using 1aparoscopic techniques to remove the donor kidney through a much smaller incision, and th
11、is can cut recovery time for the donor from six weeks to four weeks. Just because you do something, however, it doesnt mean you should, Donating a kidney means under- going an operation that carries some risk. You could argue that you may be helping to save a life, but you certainly cant pretend tha
12、t youre better off with one kidney instead of two. So, what are the risks? “As with any major operation, there is a chance of dying, of reoperation due to bleeding， Of infection， Of vein clots in the legs Or a hernia at the incision， ”says Dr Arthur Matas， director of the renal-transplant program at
13、 the university of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis. Even laparoscopy, a relatively new technique for kidney donation, is not risk-free. Doctors estimate that chances of dying from the procedure are about 3 in 10,000. Theres no money to be made; selling an organ is illegal. But the recipients
14、 insurance normally covers your operation and immediate aftercare. Your costs can include hotel bills, lost pay during recovery or possible future disability. Although transplant centers must evaluate any potential donors suitability, it never hurts to have an independent opinion. The most common co
15、ntraindications(禁忌征候 )are heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure. Never let anyone, not even a close relative, pressure you into giving up an organno matter if youre healthy. “Theres often the feeling that youre not a good friend, father, mother if you dont do this,“ says Arthus Caplan, dir
16、ector of the University of Pennsylvanias center for Bioethics. Some transplant centers will invent a “medical problem“ on behalf of those who are reluctant to donate but feel they cant say no. 16 16. From 1994 to 1998 the number of Americans who had donated a kidney reached 2419. （ A） Right （ B） Wro
17、ng （ C） Not mentioned 17 17. Why the number of kidney donors has risen is that one is better off with one kidney instead of two. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 18 18. There exist risks if a person donates a kidney. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 19 19. None Of the Americans who d
18、onates a kidney during the period lasting from 1994 to 1998 died from the procedure. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 20 20. Selling organs is illegal, so no one does it in the U.S. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 21 21. People with heart disease, diabetes and high pressure are not
19、suitable for kidney donation. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 22 22. If a person is healthy, he or she should donate an organ to those who need help. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 三、 概括大意与完成句子 (第 23-30题，每题 1分，共 8分 ) 下面的短文后有 2项测试任务： (1)第 23-26 题要求从所给的 6个选项中为第 2-5段每段选择一个最佳标题； (2)第
20、27-30 题要求从所给的 6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 22 Museums in the Modern World 1. Museums have changed. They are no longer places for the privileged few or for bored vacationers to visit on rainy days. Action and democracy are words used in descriptions of museums now. 2. At a science museum in Ontario, Canada, y
21、ou can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, you can look at 17th century instruments while listening to their music. At the Modem Museum in Sweden, you can put on costumes provided by the Stockholm Opera. As
22、 these examples show, museums are reaching out to new audiences, particularly the young, the poor, and the less educated members of the population. As a result, attendance is increasing. 3. More and more, museums directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of wha
23、t they are seeing. In many science museums, for example, there are no guided tours. The visitor is encouraged to touch, listen, operate, and experiment so as to discover scientific principles for himself. He can have the experience of operating a spaceship or a computer. He can experiment with glass
24、 blowing and paper making. The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world (y science. The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it, and those who fear science will not use it to best advantage. Many museums now provide educat
25、ional services and childrens departments. In addition to the usual displays, they also offer film showings and dance programs. Instead of being places that one “should“ visit, they are places to enjoy. 4. One cause of all these changes is the increase in wealth and leisure time. Another cause is the
26、 rising percentage of young people in the population. Many of these young people are college students or college graduates. They are better educated than their parents. They see things in a new and different way. They are not content to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can particip
27、ate in. The same is true of science and history. In the US, certain groups who formerly were too poor to care about anything beyond the basic needs of daily life are now becoming curious about the world around them. The young people in these groups ,like young people in general, have benefited from
28、a better education than their parents received. All these groups, and the rest of the population as well, have been influenced by television, which has taught them about other places and other times. 5. The effect of all this has been to change existing museums and to encourage the building of new o
29、nes. In the US and Canada alone, there are now more than 6,000 museums, almost twice as many as there were 25 years ago. About half of them are devoted to history, and the rest are evenly divided between the arts and sciences. The number of visitors, according to the American Association of museums,
30、 has risen to more than 700 million a year. 6. In fact, the crowds of visitors at some museums are creating a major problem. Admission to museums has always been either free or very inexpensive, but now some museums are charging entrance fees for the first time or raising their prices. Even when rai
31、sed, however, entrance fees are generally too low to support a museum, with its usually large building and its highly trained staff. 23 A. Causes of Changes B. Increasing Number of Museums and Visitors C. Museums Getting Closer to More Spectators D. Movies Shown in Museums E. New Notions about the M
32、anagement of Museums F. Places to Visit 27 A. have higher demands of museums B. are open to more people with different social background C. to lengthen their opening hours D. charge too little for admission E. have been built and open to public F. by lowering the admission fees 四、 阅读理解 (第 31-45 题，每题
33、 3分，共 45分 ) 下面有 3篇短文后有 5 道题。请根据短文内容，为每题选 1个最佳选项。 30 Pool Watch Swimmers can drown in busy swimming pools when lifeguards fail to notice that they are in trouble. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents says that on average 15 people drown in British pools each year, but many more suffer ma
34、jor injury after getting into difficulties. Now a French company has developed an artificial intelligence system called Poseidon that sounds the alarm when it sees someone in danger of drowning. When a swimmer sinks towards the bottom of the pool, the new system sends an alarm signal to a poolside m
35、onitoring station and a lifeguards pager. In trials at a pool in Ancenis, near Nantes, it saved a life within just a few months, says Alistair McQuade, a spokesman for its maker, Poseidon Technologies. Poseidon keeps watch through a network of underwater and overheard video cameras. Al software anal
36、yses the images to work out swimmers trajectories. To do this reliably, it has to tell the difference between a swimmer and the shadow of someone being east onto the bottom or side of the pool. “The underwater environment is a very dynamic one, with many shadows and reflections dancing around.“ says
37、 McQuade. The software does this by “projecting“ a shape in its field of view onto an image of the far wall of the pool. It does the same with an image from another camera viewing the shape from a different angle. If the two projections are in the same position, the shape is identified as a shadow a
38、nd is ignored. But if they are different, the shape is a swimmer and so the system follows its trajectory. To pick out potential drowning victims, anyone in the water who starts to descend slowly is added to the softwares “pre-alert“ list, says McQuade. Swimmers who then stay immobile on the pool bo
39、ttom for 5 seconds or more are considered in danger of drowning. Poseidon double-checks that the image really is of a swimmer, not a shadow, by seeing whether it obscures the pools floor texture when viewed from over-head. If so, it alerts the lifeguard, showing the swimmers location on a poolside s
40、creen. The first full-scale Poseidon system will be officially opened next week at a pool in High Wycombe. Buckinghamshire. One man who is impressed with the idea is Travor Baylis, inventor of the clockwork radio. Baylis runs a company that installs swimming poolsand he was once an underwater escapo
41、logist with a circus. “I say full marks to them if this works and can save lives,“ he says. But he adds that any local authority spending 30,000-plus on a Poseidon system ought to be investing similar amounts in teaching children to swim. 31 31. A1 means the same as （ A） an image. （ B） an idea. （ C）
42、 anyone in the water. （ D） artificial intelligence. 32 32. What is required of AI software to save a life? （ A） It must be able to swim. （ B） It must keep walking round the pool. （ C） It can distinguish between a swimmer and a shadow. （ D） It can save a life within a few months. 33 33. How does Pose
43、idon save a life? （ A） He plunges into the pool. （ B） It alerts the lifeguard. （ C） He cries for help. （ D） It rushes to the pool. 34 34. Which of the following statements about Trevor Baylis is NOT true? （ A） He runs. （ B） He invented the clockwork radio. （ C） He was once an entertainer. （ D） He ru
44、ns a company. 35 35. The word “considered“ in paragraph 5 could be best replaced by （ A） thought. （ B） rated. （ C） regarded. （ D） believed. 35 Eat to Live A meager(不足的 )diet may give you health and long life, but its not much funand it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most o
45、f that youthful vigor even if we dont start to diet until old age. Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouses liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four
46、weeks. The genetic rejuvenation(恢复活力 )wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize(新陈代谢 )drugs or get rid of toxins(毒素 ). Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mice were swit
47、ched from the normal diet to half-feed for a month when they were 34 months oldequivalent to about 70 human years. The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inf
48、lammation and free radical production(自由基 )probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cen
49、t of these gene changes. “This is the first indication that thee effects kick in pretty quickly,“ says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D. C. No one yet knows if calorie works in people as it does in mice, bus Spindler is hopeful. “Theres attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,“ he says. If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our
