1、职称英语（卫生类） A级模拟试卷 23及答案与解析 一、 词汇选项 (第 1-15题，每题 1分，共 15分 ) 下面每个句子中均有 1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定 1个意义最为接近选项。 1 The object for each player in the game of chess is to trap the other players king into a position from which escape is impossible. （ A） skill （ B） aim （ C） interest （ D） difficulty 2 Current
2、hiring policies in the United States seek to provide equal employment opportunities for women and minority groups. （ A） furnish （ B） demand （ C） confirm （ D） continue 3 The Olympic Games attempt to transcend national interests and bring together the best international athletes in a spirit of friendl
3、y competition and peace. （ A） debate （ B） celebration （ C） instruction （ D） rivalry 4 In the United States, the national flag is usually displayed outdoor between sunrise and sunset. （ A） stored （ B） folded （ C） respected （ D） exhibited 5 The leaves of the eucalyptus tree can be used to make a poten
4、t antiseptic that kills harmful bacteria in cuts and scrapes. （ A） natural （ B） dangerous （ C） rare （ D） tropical 6 Early universities did not originate as institutions, but began instead as collections of scholars. （ A） rather （ B） at first （ C） appropriately （ D） accidentally 7 The governments of
5、most seacoast nations print tidal tables showing the times of the tides at their main ports. （ A） calculate （ B） describe （ C） publish （ D） circulate 8 In 18Sarah Mather invented a submarine telescope that could be used to locate and study underwater objects. （ A） illuminate （ B） raise （ C） find （ D
6、） examine 9 Ammonia, one of the earliest known nitrogen compounds, was originally produced by dis-tilling organic materials. （ A） masses （ B） fabrics （ C） substances （ D） liquids 10 One of the newer conservation projects undertaken by the state of Oklahoma involves flood prevention. （ A） topics （ B）
7、 programs （ C） concerns （ D） schools 11 The climate and soil as far north as the Arctic Circle permit farmers to raise livestock and grow barley, potatoes and other crops. （ A） help （ B） allow （ C） require （ D） expect 12 According to the science of aerodynamics, the shape of an object influences the
8、 amount of drag created by air flowing around it. （ A） form （ B） size （ C） weight （ D） interior 13 Compound microscopes have two separate lenses or sets of lenses. （ A） split （ B） equal （ C） detachable （ D） distinct 14 The moist air of the Pacific Ocean brings a temperate climate to the West Cost of
9、 the linked States. （ A） chilly （ B） moderate （ C） wet （ D） soothing 15 Unlike gases, liquids are difficult to compress because there is practically no free space between molecules. （ A） In contrast to （ B） Similar to （ C） More to （ D） Just as 二、 阅读判断 (第 16-22 题，每题 1分，共 7分 ) 下面的短文后列出了 7个句子，请根据短文的内容对
10、每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。 15 Dining Custom Every land has its own dining custom, and the United States is no exception. Americans feel that the first rule of being a polite guest is to be on time. If a person is invited to dinner at 6:30, the hostess expects
11、 him to be there at 6 : 30 or not more than a few minutes after. Because she usually does her own cooking, she times the meal so that the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time she asks the guest to come. If he is late, the food will not be so good, and the hostess will be disappointed. W
12、hen the guest cannot come on time, he calls his host or hostess on the telephone, gives the reason, and tells at what time he thinks he can come. As guests continue to arrive, the men in the group stand when a woman enters and remain standing until she has found a chair. A man always rises when he i
13、s being introduced to a woman. A woman does not rise when she is being introduced either to a man or a woman unless the woman is much older. When the guests sit down at a dinner table, it is customary for the men to help the ladies by pushing their chairs under them. Even an American may be confused
14、 by the number of knives, forks, and spoons beside his plate when he sits down to a formal dinner. The rule is simple, however; use them in the order in which they lie, beginning from the outside. Or watch the hostess and do what she does. The small fork on the outside on the left is for salad, whic
15、h is often served with the soup . The spoon on the outside at the right is for soup, and so on. Sometimes there is a separate little knife, called a butter spreader, on a small bread-and-butter plate at the left. As the bread is passed, each guest puts his piece on the bread-and-butter plate. 16 As
16、a country of immigrants, the U. S. does not have its own dining customs. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 17 The guest is expected to arrive on time because the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time he is required to come. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 18 A woman usual
17、ly rises when she is being introduced to an aged gentleman. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 19 At a dinner table, it is customary for the men to arrange chairs for ladies. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 20 At formal American dinner, the knives, forks, and spoons beside the plate a
18、re placed in a certain order. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 21 The right order to use the knives, forks and spoons at a formal dinner is from the left to the right. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 22 At a formal dinner, bread is usually served together with salad and soup. （ A） R
19、ight （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 三、 概括大意与完成句子 (第 23-30题，每题 1分，共 8分 ) 下面的短文后有 2项测试任务： (1)第 23-26 题要求从所给的 6个选项中为第 2-5段每段选择一个最佳标题； (2)第 27-30 题要求从所给的 6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 22 Transport and Trade 1 Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places wher
20、e they are scarce, transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade. When there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale. 2 The great advances m
21、ade in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand, for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, drawing supplies from, and sell
22、ing goods to, all parts of the globe. Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cities
23、could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance. 3 Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on
24、what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living. 4 By moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, as , for example, through electric cables, transport has led to t
25、he establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the l
26、onger the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living. 5 Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication, like telephones, cables and radio, send
27、 information about prices, supplies, and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way, advanced communication systems also help to develop trade. A Higher living standard B Importance of transport in trade C Various means of transport D Birth of transport-related industries and t
28、rade E Role of information in trade F Public transportation 23 Paragraph _ 24 Paragraph _ 25 Paragraph _ 26 Paragraph _ 26 A to send goods to various parts of the world B at any time during the year C has greatly promoted trade D is it possible to produce on a large scale E the transport of goods F
29、it is possible to produce on a large scale 27 The development of modern means of transport _. 28 Only when goods can be carried to all parts of the world quickly 29 Transport has made it possible for people to eat whatever food they want 30 In the trade of modern society the transmission of informat
30、ion plays as important a role as 四、 阅读理解 (第 31-45 题，每题 3分，共 45分 ) 下面有 3篇短文后有 5 道题。请根据短文内容，为每题选 1个最佳选项。 30 Preventing Child Maltreatment Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data fo
31、r many countries, especially low-and middle-income countries, are lacking. Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5%-10
32、% of men report being Sexually abused as children, while 25%-50% of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, many children are subject to emotional abuse (sometimes referred to as psychological abuse). Every year, there are an estimated 31, 000 homicide deaths in children under 15.
33、 This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls, burns and drowning. Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes s
34、tress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural, physical and mental health problems. Via the behavioural and mental he
35、alth consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections. Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health
36、costs. It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to ful
37、fil the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features. 31 The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT_according to the passage. （ A） child maltreatment is a global proble
38、m （ B） there is no exact data about low-and mid-income countries （ C） there is a shortage of the professional data collectors （ D） different scientists use different research methods 32 Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? _ （ A） 20% of women got sexually abused in the
39、ir childhood. （ B） 25%-50% of all children were reported to have been physically abused. （ C） 25%-50% of children were psychologically abused. （ D） 60%-75% of children were neglected by their parents. 33 Many homicide deaths in children under are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT_a
40、ccording to the passage. （ A） drowning in swimming （ B） diarrhea （ C） bums （ D） falls 34 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment? _ （ A） The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows up. （ B） Child maltreatment hurts his nervo
41、us and immune systems. （ C） Child maltreatment damages his early brain development. （ D） The child is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthood. 35 The maltreated children often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT_according to the passage. （ A） they frequently and easily cry （ B） t
42、hey are in infants or in adolescent period （ C） they are often neglected by their parents or friends （ D） they often try their best to meet the requirements from their parents 35 High Stress May Damage Memory According to a report issued in May 1998, elderly people who have consistently high blood l
43、evels of Cortisol dont score as well on memory tests as their peers with lower levels of the stress hormone. Whats more, high levels of Cortisol are also associated with shrinking of the hippocampus, a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory. The findings suggest that even C
44、ortisol levels in the normal, “healthy“ range can actually accelerate brain aging. The study results “now provide substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans“, write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield of the University
45、of Kentucky in Lexington in their editorial. Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands, which sit on top of the kidneys. Over a 5 to 6-year period. Dr. Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24-hour Cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers, most of whom were in the
46、ir 70s. Despite wide variation in Cortisol levels, the participants could be divided into three subgroups: those whose Cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently high (increasing/high) ; those whose Cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently moderate (increasing/m
47、oderate); and subjects whose Cortisol decreased, but was currently moderate (decreasing/moderate). The researchers tested the volunteers memory on six people in the increasing/high category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group. The groups did not differ on tests of immediate memory, but
48、the increasing/high Cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group. The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing/high group was 14% lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group, although there were
49、no differences in other brain regions. The results suggest that “. . . brain aging can be accelerated by levels of adrenal hormones that are not generally regarded as pathological and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging, “ write Porter and Landfield. “This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of hippocampus. “ 36 The part of the brain important for a persons learning and memory is_. （ A） the Co
