1、职称英语（卫生类） B级模拟试卷 18及答案与解析 一、 词汇选项 (第 1-15题，每题 1分，共 15分 ) 下面每个句子中均有 1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。 1 Stop clambering over my sisters furniture. （ A） painting （ B） climbing （ C） covering （ D） hitting 2 All the changes that have overtaken Shetland recently. （ A） happened unexpectedly （ B） chang
2、ed quickly （ C） prevented unexpectedly （ D） caught up with 3 When replying to this advertisement, please enclose a stamped addressed envelope. （ A） put inside （ B） surround （ C） close in （ D） close around 4 The dentist has decided to pull out her bad tooth. （ A） repair （ B） extract （ C） take （ D） di
3、g 5 Foreign money can be converted into the local currency at this bank. （ A） altered （ B） bought （ C） changed （ D） sold 6 Adolescence tends to be the most important for ones world outlook. （ A） the growing period after childhood （ B） the period of maturity （ C） the period of babyhood （ D） the perio
4、d of old age 7 I spent ages trying to fix it, but gave up in despair. （ A） hopelessly （ B） destructively （ C） despite （ D） at last 8 You are not supposed to abandon your car on the motorway. （ A） cast （ B） examine （ C） bundle （ D） desert 9 If a child is left alone, hell lose his zest for life and hi
5、s desire to find out new things for himself. （ A） courage （ B） direction （ C） confidence （ D） interest 10 Dont get slack at you work. （ A） lazy and careless （ B） tiresome or bored （ C） depressed （ D） diligent 11 Financial consultants acknowledge that the value of common stock is inherently changeabl
6、e. （ A） relatively （ B） intrinsically （ C） sporadically （ D） incrementally 12 There is a fundamental difference between the two ministers and their aims. （ A） obvious （ B） basic （ C） complete （ D） inevitable 13 The National Committee was composed of 22 manual workers and white-collar workers. （ A） w
7、as made up （ B） consisted of （ C） was full of （ D） instead of 14 Latin might once have been claimed as the most suitable of possible international language. （ A） acclaimed （ B） exclaimed （ C） alleged （ D） cancelled 15 Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or ha
8、ve some other drawback. （ A） property （ B） additive （ C） disadvantage （ D） disparity 二、 阅读判断 (第 16-22题，每题 1分，共 7分 ) 下面的短文后列出了 7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。 15 Cancer develops over a long time, which means that you have years typically decades in wh
9、ich to hinder or promote it. Researchers are finding that what you eat may interfere with cancer growth at various stages. For example, certain foods can block the chemicals that initate cancer. Antioxidants(抗氧化剂 ), found in some vitamins and minerals, can snuff out oxygen free radicls (氧自由基 ), subs
10、tances that are thought to make cells more susceptible to cancer, and they can even repair some of the cellular damage that has been done. And some food wheat bran(麦 ,糠 ) in particular has been shown to shrink precancerous(癌症前期的 ) cells. A recent review of 17 studies from 17 nations reveals that peo
11、ple who eat the most fruits and vegetables have about half the cancer raters of those who eat the least. In fact, some research suggests that frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables can cut the risk of lung cancer even in smokers. One of the most studied antioxidants in vegetables and fruits t
12、hought to protect against cancer is beta-carotene(胡萝卜素 ), concentrated in deep green, yellow and orange vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes and spinach. Research also shows that beta-carotene can change in the body to retinoic acid (维生素A酸 ), a substance used in clinical trials to treat certai
13、n cancers. Here are some of the foods that contain cancer-fighting chemicals. Tomatoes. One of the compounds in tomatoes that is thought to reduce the risk of cancer is lycopene(蕃茄素 ), the pigment (色素 ) that makes tomatoes red. Lycopene, an antioxidant that is also found in watermelons and apricots,
14、 quenches certain cancer-triggering oxygen free fadicals. Healthy people with the most blood lycopene. Green Vegetables. A recent Italian study showed that dark-green leafy vegetables lower the risk of many cancer. Spinach, broccoli, kale and dark-green lettuces are chock-full of antioxidants, inclu
15、ding beta-carotene, folate(叶酸 ) and lutein(叶黄素 ).A good rule of thumb(单凭经验 的做法 ) : the darker the vegetable, the more antioxidants within. Pungent preventives(刺激性的预防物 ). A whole host of chemicals thought to have cancer-inhibiting properties have been identified in allium vegetables, which include ga
16、rlic, onions and scallions(大 葱 ). Animal studies show that many of these chemicals block carcinogens that have been linked to colon, stomach, lung and liver cancer. A study at Pennsylvania State University found that feeding rats various garlic extracts and preparations(配制好的食物 ) reduced mammary tumo
17、rs by as much as 71 percent. In humans, studies suggest that those who eat more onions and garlic are less prone to gastrointestinal cancer. Research suggests that garlic compounds may even interfere with cancer progression. A recent German study found that ajoene, a garlic compound, is toxic to mal
18、ignant cells. Garlic may also antagonize existing cancer by boosting(促进 ) immune functions, according to researchers at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. Their study, done on mice, found that garlics sulfur compounds increased the activity of macrophages and T-lymphocytes(淋巴细胞 ), two of the
19、components of the immune system that destroy tumor ceils. 16 Recent research indicated that what people eat may help to significantly reduce their risk of developing cancer. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 17 Citrus fruit may be particularly effective in reducing the risk of pancreatic canc
20、er. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 18 People who eat the most fruits and vegetables have less than half the cancer rates of those who eat the least. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 19 Beta-carotene is one of the most studied antioxidants that are thought to protect against cancer.
21、 （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 20 Soybeans contain at least five compounds believed to inhibit cancer. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 21 Green vegetables contain such antioxidants as beta-carotene, folate and lutein. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 22 Although garlic co
22、mpounds may reduce the risk of developing cancer, they have no effect on cancer that already exists. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 三、 概括大意与完成句子 (第 23-30题，每题 1分，共 8分 ) 下面的短文后有 2项测试任务： (1)第 23-26题要求从所给的 6个选项中为第 2-5段每段选择一个最佳标题； (2)第 27-30题要求从所给的 6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 22 1. Cancer is a disease
23、in which cells multiply without control, destroy healthy tissue, and endanger life. About 100 kinds of cancer attack human beings. The disease is a leading cause of death in many countries. In the United States and Canada, only diseases of the heart and blood vessels kill more people. Cancer occurs
24、in most species of animals and in many kinds of plants, as well as in human beings. 2. Cancer strikes people of all ages but especially middle-aged persons and the elderly. It occurs about equally among people of both sexes. The disease can attack any part of the body and may spread to other parts.
25、However, the parts most often affected are the skin, the digestive organs, the lungs, the male prostate, and the female breasts. 3. Scientists do not know exactly why cancer develops. Most experts agree that people develop cancer mainly through repeated or prolonged contact with one or more cancer-c
26、ausing agents, called carcinogens. These agents include the tars in tobacco smoke, a variety of other chemicals, and certain kinds of radiation. In many cases, cancer can be prevented if a known agent is avoided or eliminated. The elimination of cigarette smoking, for example, would prevent most cas
27、es of lung cancer and about a third of all cases of cancer. Scientists also believe that some people may inherit a tendency to develop cancer. 4. Without proper treatment, most kinds of cancer are fatal. Only a doctor can diagnose cancer. But in many cases, a doctor is consulted only after the disea
28、se is far advanced. A person should therefore be alert to any physical change that may be a symptom of cancer. Early detection greatly increases the chances of a cure. 5. Cancer shows no symptoms in its beginning stages. But symptoms may appear before the disease spreads. The American Cancer Society
29、 lists seven such warning signals. They are: (1) Change in bowel or bladder habits; (2) A sore that does not heal; (3) Unusual bleeding or discharge; (4) Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere; (5) Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing; (6) Obvious change in wart or mole; (7) Nagging cough or h
30、oarseness. A person who has any of these symptoms longer than two weeks should consult a physician promptly. A. Cancer indicates seven warning signals in its beginning stages B. A cancer is a malignant tumor of the body and may spread to other parts C. It is advised that a doctor be consulted when a
31、 person finds any physical change that may be a symptom of cancer D. Jeopardizing life is characteristic of cancer E. People develop cancer mainly through repealed and prolonged contact with one or more substances that incite cancer, called carcinogens F. The author advises us to consult a doctor af
32、ter the disease is far advanced 23 Paragraph _. 24 Paragraph _. 25 Paragraph _. 26 Paragraph _. 26 A. the tars in tobacco smoke are carcinogenic B. diseases of the heart and blood vessels C. a persistent coughing D. human beings E. the chances of a cure F. prevent the disease from getting=further 27
33、 In the United States and Canada, cancer ranks as the most fatal disease next to _. 28 Cancer occurs in most species of animals, in many kinds of plants and in _. 29 People should abstain from tobacco smoking because _. 30 Early detection of cancer increases _. 四、 阅读理解 (第 31-45题，每题 3分，共 45分 ) 下面有 3篇
34、短文后有 5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题选 1个最佳选项。 30 Two scientists who have won praise for research into the growth of cancer cells could be candidates for the Nobel Prize in medicine when the 2008 winners are presented on Monday, kicking off six days of Nobel announcements. Australian-born U.S. citizen Elizabeth Blac
35、kburn and American Carol Greider have already won a series of medical honors for their enzyme research and experts say they could be among the front-runners for a Nobel. Only seven women have won the medicine prize since the first Nobel Prizes were handed out in 1901. The last female winner was U.S.
36、 researcher Linda Buck in 2004, who shared the prize with Richard Axel. Among the pairs possible rivals are Frenchman Pierre Chambon and Americans Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen, who opened up the field of studying proteins called nuclear hormone receptors. As usual, the award committee is giving no
37、 hints about who is in the running before presenting its decision in a news conference at Stockholms Karolinska Institute. Alfred Nobel, the Swede who invented dynamite, established the prizes in his will in the categories of medicine, physics, chemistry, literature and peace. The economics prize is
38、 technically not a Nobel but a 1968 creation of Swedens central bank. Nobel left few instructions on how to select winners, but medicine winners are typically awarded for a specific breakthrough rather than a body of research. Hans Jornvall, secretary of the medicine prize committee, said the 10 mil
39、lion kronor (US $1.3 million) prize encourages groundbreaking research but he did not think winning it was the primary goal for scientists. “Individual researchers probably dont look at themselves as potential Nobel Prize winners when theyre at work,“ Jornvall told The Associated Press. “They get th
40、eir kicks from their research and their interest in how life functions.“ In 2006, Blackburn, of the University of California, San Francisco, and Greider, of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, shared the Lasker prize for basic medical research with Jack Szostak of Harvard Medical School. Their wo
41、rk set the stage for research suggesting that cancer cells use telomerase to sustain their uncontrolled growth. 31 Who is NOT a likely candidate for this years Nobel Prize in medicine? （ A） Elizabeth Blackburn. （ B） Carol Greider. （ C） Linda Buck. （ D） Pierre Chambon. 32 Which is NOT true of Alfred
42、Nobel? （ A） He was from Sweden. （ B） He was the inventor of dynamite. （ C） He established the prizes in his will. （ D） He gave clear instructions on how to select winners. 33 Which was NOT originally one of the Nobel Prizes? （ A） The medicine prize. （ B） The literature prize. （ C） The peace prize. （
43、 D） The economics prize. 34 The word “kicks“ in line 6 from the bottom probably means_. （ A） excitement. （ B） income. （ C） motivation. （ D） knowledge. 35 The research by Blackburn and Greider helps suggest the role of_. （ A） money in medical research. （ B） proteins in cancer treatment. （ C） hormones
44、 in the functioning of life. （ D） telomerase in the growth of cancer cells. 35 The genes that help determine a persons individual characteristics from the color of his eyes to the score he makes on an IQ test are located on chromosomes within the cells of his body. Half of a persons chromosomes come
45、 from his father, half from his mother. Many diseases are the result of a single defective gene on one of the chromosomes. Achondroplastic dwarfism, for example, is caused by a dominant gene and any child who inherits it will have the disease. A genetic counselor confronted by a parent with such a d
46、isease could warn that half of his children risk the disease. More often, genetic diseases are caused by recessive genes. The most common is cystic fibrosis, a disorder that affects at least one in every 1600 babies and causes their lungs and other body organs to become congested with mucus. Some di
47、seases, such as the blood-clotting disorder, hemophilia, are sex-linked recessive defects carried on the female X chromosome. Many genetic defects, such as the hemophilia of European royalty, can be traced back through the family tree. And a genetic counselor can calculate probable risks for couples
48、 even before they have defective children. But faulty genes may also occur without warning by mutation in any generation. In recent years, researchers have detected a number of disorders caused by an extra chromosome, or lack of part of a chromosome. Mongolism, a form of retardation accompanied by s
49、hort stature, a flattened nose and broad hands and feet, is caused by an extra chromosome. The parents of such a child have little increased risk of having another Mongoloid. There are blood, urine and other tests which show promise in detecting more than 100 genetic diseases, including cystic fibrosis, hemophilia and some forms of muscular dystrophy. Researchers are also detecting genetic defects even before a child is born. “Intrauterine detection,“ notes Dr. Henry L. Nadler of Northwestern University M
