1、职称英语（卫生类） B级模拟试卷 8及答案与解析 一、 词汇选项 (第 1-15题，每题 1分，共 15分 ) 下面每个句子中均有 1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。 1 The nursery is bright and cheerful. （ A） pleasant （ B） colorful （ C） fashionable （ D） different 2 He is but a child. （ A） probably （ B） not （ C） only （ D） hardly 3 The price of vegetables varie
2、s according to the weather. （ A） jumps （ B） rises （ C） falls （ D） changes 4 Did you do that to irritate her? （ A） tease （ B） attract （ C） annoy （ D） protect 5 The old lady let her flat to an English couple. （ A） offered （ B） rented （ C） provided （ D） sold 6 A ship was reported to be in distress a fe
3、w miles out at sea. （ A） disorder （ B） formation （ C） service （ D） danger 7 You should cultivate the habit of reading carefully. （ A） invent （ B） begin （ C） develop （ D） initiate 8 Merge the following two short sentences into one new sentence. （ A） Split （ B） Combine （ C） Break （ D） Divide 9 His han
4、dwriting is flowing and graceful. （ A） pleasing （ B） formal （ C） informal （ D） flowery 10 The sisters cant tolerate each other. （ A） bear （ B） hate （ C） like （ D） criticize 11 The dentist has decided to extract her bad tooth. （ A） pull out （ B） repair （ C） take （ D） dig 12 The childs abnormal behavi
5、or puzzled the doctor. （ A） funny （ B） frightening （ C） repeated （ D） unusual 13 Gunpowder was used extensively in firearms prior to 1990. （ A） in （ B） around （ C） from （ D） before 14 Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be deliberately controlled and
6、 modified. （ A） sufficiently （ B） noticeably （ C） intentionally （ D） absolutely 15 Foreign money can be converted into the local currency at this bank. （ A） altered （ B） changed （ C） bought （ D） sold 二、 阅读判断 (第 16-22题，每题 1分，共 7分 ) 下面的短文后列出了 7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择
7、B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。 16 Spare a Kidney? It is no longer unusual for a spouse or relative to donate a kidney to a loved one, but the number of Americans who have given a kidney to a friend, a co-worker or even a complete stranger has risen sharply from 68 in 1994 to 176 in 1998. There are many reas
8、ons. First, its possible to live a normal life with only one kidney. (The remaining kidney enlarges to make up most of the difference.) in addition a kidney from a live donor lasts longer than a kidney taken from someone who has died suddenly. But the biggest change in the past few years is that tra
9、nsplant surgeons have started using laparoscopic techniques to remove the donor kidney through a much smaller incision, and this can cut recovery time for the donor from six weeks to four weeks. Just because you can do something, however, it doesnt mean you should. Donating a kidney means undergoing
10、 an operation that carries some risk. You could argue that you may be helping to save a life, but you certainly cant pretend that youre better off with one kidney instead of two. So, what are the risks? “As with any major operation, there is a chance of dying, of reoperation due to bleeding, of infe
11、ction, of vein clots in the legs or a hernia at the incision,“ says Dr. Arthur Matas, director of the renal-transplant program at the University of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis. Even laparoscopy, a relatively new technique for kidney donation, is not risk-free. Doctors estimate that chanc
12、es of dying from the procedure are about 3 in 10,000. Theres no money to be made; selling an organ is illegal. But the recipients insurance normally covers your operation and immediate aftercare. Your costs can include hotel bills, lost pay during recovery or possible future disability. Although tra
13、nsplant centers must evaluate any potential donors suitability, it never hurts to have an independent opinion. The most common contraindications are heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure. Never let anyone, not even a close relative, pressure you into giving up an organ - no matter if youre
14、 healthy. “Theres often the feeling that youre not a good friend, father, mother if you dont do this,“ says Arthur Caplan, director of the University of Pennsylvanias Center for Bioethics. Some transplant centers will invent a “medical problem“ on behalf of those who are reluctant to donate but feel
15、 they cant say no. 16 From 1994 to 1998 the number of Americans who had donated a kidney reached 244. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not Mentioned 17 One of the reasons why the number of kidney donors has risen is that one is better off with one kidney instead of two. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not Ment
16、ioned 18 You dont have to be dead to donate a kidney, but you had better know the risks before you give it up. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not Mentioned 19 None of the Americans who donated a kidney during the period lasting from 1994 to 1998 died from the procedure. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not Me
17、ntioned 20 No one sells organs in the U.S. since it is illegal. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not Mentioned 21 People with heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure are not suitable for kidney donation. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not Mentioned 22 Some transplant centers invent “medical problems“
18、to cheat potential kidney donors. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not Mentioned 三、 概括大意与完成句子 (第 23-30题，每题 1分，共 8分 ) 下面的短文后有 2项测试任务： (1)第 23-26题要求从所给的 6个选项中为第 2-5段每段选择一个最佳标题； (2)第 27-30题要求从所给的 6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 23 Screen Test 1 . Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of
19、breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be. treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50. 2 . But the medical benefits of screenin
20、g these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3 . Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening mor
21、e than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the womens cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause. 4 . The mathematical model recommended by Britains National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the scre
22、ening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5 . The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant“ compa
23、red to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated.The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. 6 . But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40
24、 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique“ for breast cancer screening. 7 . “There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its ri
25、sks,“ admits Michael Clark of the NRPB.But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. Thats why radiation exposure should be minimized in any scr
26、eening programme.“ 23 A. Risk of Screening to Younger Women B. Investigating the Effect of Screening C. Effects Predicted by Two Different Models D. Treatment of Cancers E. Minimizing of Radiation Exposure F. Factors That Trigger Cancers 23 Paragraph 2_ 24 Paragraph 3_ 25 Paragraph 4_ 26 Paragraph 7
27、_ 27 A. be costly B. harmful C. be cured D. still open to debate E. reduce the risk of radiation triggering a Cancer F. reduced to the minimum 27 If discovered early, breast cancer may_. 28 Medical benefits of screening the younger women are_. 29 Advantages of screening women under 50 are_. 30 Radia
28、tion exposure should be_. 四、 阅读理解 (第 31-45题，每题 3分，共 45分 ) 下面有 3篇短文后有 5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题选 1个最佳选项。 31 Adaptation of Living Things Certain animals and plants develop characteristics that help them cope with their environment better than others of their kind.This natural biological process is called adapta
29、tion. Among the superior characteristics developed through adaptation are those that may help in getting food or shelter, in providing protection, and in producing and protecting the young. That results in the evolution of more and more organisms that are better fitted to their environments. Each li
30、ving thing is adapted to its way of life in a general way, but each is adapted especially to its own distinct class. A plant, for example, depends upon its roots to fix itself firmly and to absorb water and inorganic chemicals. It depends upon its green leaves for using the suns energy to make food
31、from inorganic chemicals. These are general adaptations, common to most plants. In addition, there are special adaptations that only certain kinds of plants have. Many animals have adaptations that help them escape from their enemies. Some insects are hidden by their body color or shape, and many lo
32、ok like a leaf or a little branch. The coats of deer are colored to mix with the surroundings. Many animals have the ability to remain completely still when an enemy is near. Organisms have a great variety of ways of adapting. They may adapt in their structure, function, and genetics; in their devel
33、opment and production of the young; and in other respects. An organism may create its own environment, as do warm-blooded mammals, which have the ability to adjust body heat exactly to maintain their ideal temperature despite changing weather. Usually adaptations are an advantage, but sometimes an o
34、rganism is so well adapted to a particular environment that, if conditions change, it finds it difficult or impossible to readapt to the new conditions. 31 Some plants and animals develop superior characteristics so that they may （ A） help others of their kind get food, shelter and other things need
35、ed. （ B） survive even in extremely severe condition. （ C） become better adapted to the environments than others of their kind. （ D） result in the evolution and production of more intelligent organisms. 32 In the first paragraph, the word “environments“ could best be replaced by （ A） contexts. （ B） s
36、urroundings. （ C） neighbors. （ D） enemies. 33 It can be inferred from this passage that the feathers of a bird care colored? （ A） to frightened its enemies. （ B） to attract its enemies. （ C） to adjust its body heat. （ D） to match its environment. 34 Which of the following is not directly mentioned?
37、（ A） A living thing may adapt in its structure. （ B） An organism may adapt in its function. （ C） A living creature may adapt in its genetic makeup. （ D） A living organism may adapt in its sleeping habit. 35 The author cites the behavior of warm-blooded mammals in order to illustrate which of the fol
38、lowing? （ A） A living thing may have the ability to create an environment of its own. （ B） A living creature may have the ability to remain still when an enemy is near. （ C） A living creature may have the ability to make food from its inorganic chemicals. （ D） A living creature may have the ability
39、to change the color of its skin. 36 Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health, but also for the whole immune System, especially when they come in the form 0f a potato salad or eaten Cold.In a study on an animal model, researchers in Spain found that
40、pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (RPS) not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood.White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged. The gen
41、eral down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body. The reduction in leucocyte levels was about 15 percent. Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation, but the observed reducti
42、on in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising. In what was the longest study of its kind, pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health. “The use of :raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in r
43、esistant starch,“ said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona , Spain. Humans do not eat raw potatoes, but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch, such as cold boiled potatoes, legumes, grains, green bananas, pasta and cereals. About 10 percent o
44、f the starch eaten by human is resistant starch - starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted in- to the large intestine where it ferments. Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). I
45、mmunology expert Lena Ohmans team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS patients, but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut, which support the hypothesis of IBS being at least partially an inflammatory disorder. She says the decrease
46、in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interesting, and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in IBS patients. Ohman is currently at the Department of Internal Medicine, Goteborg University, Sweden. The study is published in the journal Chemistry and Industry, the magazine of t
47、he SCI. 36 What form of potato is the most nutrient to the human body? （ A） Potato soup. （ B） Potato cake. （ C） Potato salad （ D） Hot boiled potato. 37 What does the reduction in leucocyte levels in the body mean? （ A） It may mean the reduced levels of inflammation. （ B） It may mean somewhere in the
48、 body is inflamed （ C） It means that the body is challenged （ D） It means that the body cannot produce leucocytes any more. 38 For what a purpose did the researchers use raw potato starch in their experiment? （ A） They wanted to observe how the leucocyte levels reduced in the experimental pigs. （ B）
49、 They wanted to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch. （ C） They wanted to see how much potato an experimental pig ate every day. （ D） They wanted to see how much body weight each experimental pig gained in the end. 39 All of the following foods are rich in resistant starch EXCEPT （ A） pasta （ B） grains. （ C） legumes. （ D） vegetables. 40 What a kind of starch is resistant starch after all? （ A） It may cause irritable bowel syndrome. （ B） It m
