1、阅读同步练习试卷 16及答案与解析 一、 Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on
2、the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 0 The US court system, as part of the federal system of government, is characterized by dual hierarchies; there are both state and federal courts. Each state has its own system of courts,composed of civil and criminal trial courts, sometimes in
3、termediate courts of appeal, and a state supreme court. The federal court system consists of a series of trial courts (called district courts) serving relatively small geographic regions (there is at least one for every state), a tier (系列 , 等级 ) of circuit (巡回 ) courts of appeal that hear appeals fr
4、om many district courts in a particular geographic region, and the Supreme Court of the United States. The two court systems are to some extent overlapping, in that certain kinds of disputes (such as a claim that a state law is in violation of the Constitution) may be initiated in either system. The
5、y are also to some extent hierarchical, for the federal system stands above the state system in that litigants (诉讼当事人 ) (persons engaged in lawsuits) who lose their cases in the state supreme court may appeal their cases to the Supreme Court of the United States. Thus, the typical court case begins
6、in a trial court a court of general jurisdiction (司法 ) in the state or federal system. Most cases go no further than the trial court: for example, the criminal defendant is convicted (by a trial or a guilty plea) and sentenced by the court and the case ends; the personal injury suit results in a jud
7、gment by a trial court or an out-of-court settlement by the parties while the court suit is pending (悬而未决的 ) and the parties leave the court system. But sometimes the losing party at the trial court care enough about the course that the matter does not end there. In these cases, the “loser“ at the t
8、rial court may appeal to the next higher court. 1 What does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） Civil and criminal courts. （ B） Typical court cases. （ C） The court system in US. （ D） The appeal court process. 2 According to the passage, district courts are also known as_. （ A） circuit courts （ B） supre
9、me courts （ C） intermediate courts （ D） trial courts 3 In the last sentence of the first paragraph, the phrase “engaged in“ could best be replaced by which of the following? （ A） Committed to. （ B） Involved in. （ C） Attentive to. （ D） Engrossed in. 4 The passage indicates that litigants who lost the
10、ir cases in the state trial court may take them to a_. （ A） different trial court in the same state （ B） court in a different geographic region （ C） federal trial court （ D） state supreme court 5 It can be inferred from the passage that typical court cases are_. （ A） always appealed （ B） usually res
11、olved in the district courts （ C） always overlapping （ D） usually settled by the Supreme Court 5 More surprising, perhaps, than the current difficulties of traditional marriage is the fact that marriage itself is alive and thriving. As Skolnick notes, Americans are a marrying people: relative to Eur
12、opeans, more of us marry and we marry at a younger age. Moreover, after a decline in the early 1970s, the rate of marriage in the United States is now increasing. Even the divorce rate needs to be taken in this pro-marriage context：some 80 percent of divorced individuals remarry. Thus, marriage rema
13、ins, by far, the preferred way of life for the vast majority of people in our society. What has changed more than marriage is the nuclear family. Twenty five years ago, the typical American family consisted of a husband, a wife, and two or three children. Now, there are many marriages in which coupl
14、es have decided not to have any children. And there are many marriages where at least some of the children are from the wifes previous marriage, or the husbands, or both. Sometimes these children spend all of their time with one parent from the former marriage; sometimes they are shared between the
15、two former spouses (配偶 ). Thus, one can find every type of family arrangement. There are marriages without children; marriages with children from only the present marriage; marriages with “full-time“ children from both the present and former marriages; marriages with “full-time“ children from the pr
16、esent marriage and “part-time“ children from former marriages. There are stepfathers, stepmothers, half brothers, and half sisters. It is not all that unusual for a child to have four parents and eight grandparents! These are enormous changes from the traditional nuclear family. But even so, even in
17、 the midst of all this, there remains one constant; most Americans spend most of their adult lives married. 6 By calling Americans marrying people the author means that_. （ A） Americans are more traditional than Europeans （ B） Americans expect more out of marriage than Europeans （ C） there are more
18、married couples in USA than in Europe （ D） more of Americans, as compared with Europeans, prefer marriage and they accept it at a younger age 7 Divorced Americans_. （ A） will most likely remarry （ B） prefer the way they live （ C） have lost faith in marriage （ D） are the vast majority of people in th
19、e society 8 Which of the following can be presented as the picture of todays American families? （ A） A typical American family consists of only a husband and a wife. （ B） Many types of family arrangements have become socially acceptable. （ C） Americans prefer to have more kids than before. （ D） Ther
20、e are no nuclear families any more. 9 “Part-time“ children_. （ A） spend some of their time with their half brothers and some of their time with their half sisters （ B） spend all of their time with one parent from the previous marriage （ C） are shared between the two former spouses （ D） cannot stay w
21、ith “full-time“ children 10 Even though great changes have taken place in the structure of American families, _. （ A） the functions of marriage remain unchanged （ B） the vast majority of Americans still have faith in marriage （ C） most Americans prefer a second marriage （ D） all of the above 10 Tree
22、s are useful to man in three very important ways: they provide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; they help to prevent drought and floods. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, Man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important. Two thousand years ag
23、o a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships, with which to gain itself an empire. It gained the empire but, without its trees, its soil became hard and barren (贫瘠的，荒芜的 ). When the empire collapsed, the home country found itself faced by floods and starvation. Even where a gove
24、rnment realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees, it is difficult for it to persuade the villager to see this. The villager wants wood to cook his food with; and he can earn money by making charcoal or selling wood to the townsman. He is usually too lazy or too careless to plant and loo
25、k after new trees. So, unless the government has a stern system of control, or can educate the people, the forests will slowly disappear. This does not only mean that the villagers sons and grandsons have fewer trees. The results are even more serious: for where there are trees their roots break the
26、 soil upallowing the rain to sink in and also bind the soil, thus preventing its being washed away easily, but where there are no trees, the rain falls on hard ground and flows away on the surface, causing floods and carrying away with it the rich top-soil, in which crops grow so well. When all the
27、top-soil is gone, nothing remains but worthless desert. 11 Which of the following is the main idea of the whole passage? （ A） There are three ways in which trees are important to human beings. （ B） Providing man with shelter is the most important role the trees play. （ C） Supplying man the wood and
28、warship is the most important way the trees have. （ D） Assisting in stopping drought and floods is the most important role the trees play. 12 What was brought to the rich and powerful country when it gained the empire by cutting down its trees to build warships? （ A） The countrys soil became solid a
29、nd poor. （ B） The country fell into pieces. （ C） The country met with floods and famine. （ D） All of the above. 13 What actions can be taken to prevent people from cutting down trees? （ A） To persuade the villagers to understand the importance of trees. （ B） To provide the villagers with more money
30、and food. （ C） To set up a strict system of control and educate the people. （ D） To ask the villagers not to be lazy or careless. 14 What is the final result if trees are cut down ruthlessly? （ A） The roots of trees will break up the soil and bind the soil together. （ B） The rainwater falls on the g
31、round will wash away the soil. （ C） The rainwater will lead to floods and carry away the rich top-soil. （ D） The whole farmland will become a large area of poor, sand-covered land. 15 The tone of the author in this passage is most probably_. （ A） concerned （ B） objective （ C） optimistic （ D） indiffe
32、rent 15 Every year television stations receive hundreds of complaints about the loudness of advertisements. However, federal rules forbid the practice of making ads louder than the programming. In addition, television stations always operate at the highest sound level allowed for reasons of efficien
33、cy. According to one NBC executive, no difference exists in the peak sound level of ads and programming. Given this information, why do commercials sound so loud? The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in addition to its peak level. Advertisers are skilful at creating the impression of
34、 loudness through their expert use of such factors. One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials is that much less variation in sound level occurs during a commercial. In regular programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range. However, sound levels in commercials tend
35、 to stay at or near peak levels. Other “tricks of the trade“ are also used. Because low-frequency sounds can mask higher frequency sounds, advertisers filter out any noises that may drown out the primary message. In addition, the human voice has more auditory (听觉的 ) impact in the middle frequency ra
36、nges. Advertisers electronically vary voice sounds so that they stay within such a frequency band. Another approach is to write the script so that lots of consonants (辅音 ) are used, because people are more aware of consonants than vowel (元音 ) sounds. Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials wit
37、h sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within which the commercial is buried. Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming from programming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewers attention. For example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheer
38、ful song of some type. The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by observing one-to-two-year-old children who happen to be playing around a television set. They may totally ignore the programming. However, when a commercial comes on, their attention is immediately drawn to it becaus
39、e of its dramatic sound quality. 16 According to the passage, the maximum intensity of sound coming from commercials_. （ A） does not exceed that of programs （ B） is greater than that of programs （ C） varies over a large range than that of programs （ D） is less than that of programs 17 Commercials cr
40、eate the sensation of loudness because_. （ A） TV stations always operate at the highest sound levels （ B） their sound levels are kept around peak levels （ C） their sound levels are kept in the middle frequency ranges （ D） unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range 18 M
41、any commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because_. （ A） pop songs attract viewer attention （ B） it can increase their loudness （ C） advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programs （ D） advertisers want to merge music with commercials 19 One of the reasons why comme
42、rcials are able to attract viewers attention is that_. （ A） the human voices in commercials have more auditory impact （ B） people like cheerful songs that change dramatically in sound quality （ C） high-frequency sounds are used to mask sounds that drown out the primary message （ D） they possess soun
43、d qualities that make the viewers feel that something unusual is happening 20 In the passage, the author is trying to tell us_. （ A） how TV ads vary vocal sounds to attract attention （ B） how the loudness of TV ads is overcome （ C） how advertisers control the sound properties of TV ads （ D） how the
44、attention-getting properties of sounds are made use of in TV ads 20 What does a scientist do when he or she “explains“ something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms; generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as exa
45、mples of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal perhaps the person was kn
46、ocked down by an exuberant (充满 活力的 ) dog and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response fear. Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simpler phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membrane (薄膜，隔膜 ) o
47、f muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals, and interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would “explain“ these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another. The task
48、 of physiological psychology is to “explain“ behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomenaincluding human behavior are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions of physiological p
49、rocesses. How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiological psychologists cannot simply be reductionists. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms- this means that we must understand “psychologically“ why a particular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events
