1、雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编 7及答案与解析 0 New Zealand Seaweed Call us not weeds; we are flowers of the sea. Section A Seaweed is a particularly nutritious food, which absorbs and concentrates traces of a wide variety of minerals necessary to the bodys health. Many elements may occur in seaweed aluminium, barium, cal
2、cium, chlorine, copper, iodine and iron, to name but a few traces normally produced by erosion and carried to the seaweed beds by river and sea currents. Seaweeds are also rich in vitamins: indeed, Eskimos obtain a high proportion of their bodily requirements of vitamin C from the seaweeds they eat.
3、 The nutritive value of seaweed has long been recognized. For instance, there is a remarkably low incidence of goiter amongst the Japanese, and for that matter, amongst our own Maori people, who have always eaten seaweeds, and this may well be attributed to the high iodine content of this food. Rese
4、arch into old Maori eating customs shows that jellies were made using seaweeds, fresh fruit and nuts, fuchsia and tutu berries, cape gooseberries, and many other fruits which either grew here naturally or were sown from seeds brought by settlers and explorers. Section B New Zealand lays claim to app
5、roximately 700 species of seaweed, some of which have no representation outside this country. Of several species grown worldwide, New Zealand also has a particularly large share. For example, it is estimated that New Zealand has some 30 species of Gigartina, a close relative of carrageen or Irish mo
6、ss. These are often referred to as the New Zealand carrageens. The gel-forming substance called agar which can be extracted from this species gives them great commercial application in seameal, from which seameal custard is made, and in cough mixtures, confectionery, cosmetics, the canning, paint an
7、d leather industries, the manufacture of duplicating pads, and in toothpastes. In fact, during World War II, New Zealand Gigartina were sent to Australia to be used in toothpaste. Section C Yet although New Zealand has so much of the commercially profitable red seaweeds, several of which are a sourc
8、e of agar(Pterocladia, Gelidium, Chondrus, Gigartina), before 1940 relatively little use was made of them. New Zealand used to import the Northern Hemisphere Irish moss(Chondrus crispus)from England and ready-made agar from Japan. Although distribution of the Gigartina is confined to certain areas a
9、ccording to species, it is only on the east coast of the North Island that its occurrence is rare. And even then, the east coast, and the area around Hokiangna, have a considerable supply of the two species of Pterocladia from which agar is also available. Happily, New Zealand-made agar is now obtai
10、nable in health food shops. Section D Seaweeds are divided into three classes determined by colour red, brown and greenand each tends to live in a specific location. However, except for the unmistakable sea lettuce(Ulva), few are totally one colour; and especially when dry, some species can change c
11、olour quite significantly a brown one may turn quite black, or a red one appear black, brown, pink or purple. Identification is nevertheless facilitated by the fact that the factors which determine where a seaweed will grow are quite precise, and they tend therefore to occur in very well-defined zon
12、es. Although there are exceptions, the green seaweeds are mainly shallow-water algae; the browns belong to medium depths, and the reds are plants of the deeper water. Flat rock surfaces near mid-level tides are the most usual habitat of sea-bombs, Venus necklace and most brown seaweeds. This is also
13、 the location of the purple laver or Maori karengo, which looks rather like a reddish-purple lettuce. Deep-water rocks on open coasts, exposed only at very low tide, are usually the site of bull kelp, strapweeds and similar tough specimens. Those species able to resist long periods of exposure to su
14、n and air are usually found on the upper shore, while those less able to stand such exposure occur nearer to or below the low-water mark. Radiation from the sun, the temperature level, and the length of time immersed all play a part in the zoning of seaweeds. Section E Propagation of seaweeds occurs
15、 by spores, or by fertilization of egg cells. None have roots in the usual sense; few have leaves, and none have flowers, fruits or seeds. The plants absorb their nourishment through their fronds when they are surrounded by water: the base or “holdfast“ of seaweeds is purely an attaching organ, not
16、an absorbing one. Section F Some of the large seaweeds maintain buoyancy with air-filled floats; others, such as bull kep, have large cells filled with air. Some, which spend a good part of their time exposed to the air, often reduce dehydration either by having swollen stems that contain water, or
17、they may(like Venus necklace)have swollen nodules, or they may have distinctive shape like a sea-bomb. Others, like the sea cactus, are filled with slimy fluid or have coating of mucilage on the surface. In some of the larger kelps, this coating is not only to keep the plant moist but also to protec
18、t it from the violent action of waves. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following page. Questions 1-6 Reading passage 1 has six sections A-F. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct
19、number i-x in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i Locations and features of different seaweeds ii Various products of seaweeds iii Use of seaweeds in Japan iv Seaweed species around the globe v Nutritious value of seaweeds vi Why it doesnt dry or sink vii Where to find red seaweed vii
20、i Under-use of native species ix Mystery solved x How seaweeds reproduce and grow 1 Section A 2 Section B 3 Section C 4 Section D 5 Section E 6 Section F 6 Complete the flow chart below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 7-10 on your answer s
21、heet. 10 Classify the following description as relating to A Green seaweeds B Brown seaweeds C Red seaweeds Write the correct letter A, B, or C in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. 11 Can resist exposure in sunlight at high-water mark 12 Grow in far open sea water 13 Shares its habitat with karengo
22、13 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Optimism and Health Mindset is all. How you start the year will set the template for the rest, and two scientifically backed character traits hold the key: optimism and resilience(if the prospect leav
23、es you feeling pessimistically spineless, the good news is that you can significantly boost both of these qualities). Faced with 12 months of plummeting economics and rising human distress, staunchly maintaining a rosy view might seem deludedly Pollyannaish. But here we encounter the optimism parado
24、x. As Brice Pitt, an emeritus professor of the psychiatry of old age at Imperial College, London, told me: “Optimists are unrealistic. Depressive people see things as they really are, but that is a disadvantage from an evolutionary point of view. Optimism is a piece of evolutionary equipment that ca
25、rried us through millennia of setbacks.“ Optimists have plenty to be happy about. In other words, if you can convince yourself that things will get better, the odds of it happening will improve because you keep on playing the game. In this light, optimism “is a habitual way of explaining your setbac
26、ks to yourself“, reports Martin Seligman, the psychology professor and author of Learned Optimism. The research shows that when times get tough, optimists do better than pessimists they succeed better at work, respond better to stress, suffer fewer depressive episodes and achieve more personal goals
27、. Studies also show that belief can help with the financial pinch. Chad Wallens, a social forecaster at the Henley Centre who surveyed middle-class Britons beliefs about income, has found that “the people who feel wealthiest, and those who feel poorest, actually have almost the same amount of money
28、at their disposal. Their attitudes and behaviour patterns, however, are different from one another.“ Optimists have something else to be cheerful about in general, they are more robust. For example, a study of 660 volunteers by the Yale University psychologist Dr Becca Levy, found that thinking posi
29、tively adds an average of 7 years to your life. Other American research claims to have identified a physical mechanism behind this. A Harvard Medical School study of 670 men found that the optimists have significantly better lung function. The lead author, Dr Rosalind Wright, believes that attitude
30、somehow strengthens the immune system. “Preliminary studies on heart patients suggest that, by changing a persons outlook, you can improve their mortality risk,“ she says. Few studies have tried to ascertain the proportion of optimists in the world. But a 1995 nationwide survey conducted for the Ame
31、rican magazine Adweek found that about half the population counted themselves as optimists, with women slightly more apt than men(53 per cent versus 48 per cent)to see the sunny side. Of course, there is no guarantee that optimism will insulate you from the crunchs worst effects, but the best strate
32、gy is still to keep smiling and thank your lucky stars. Because(as every good sports coach knows)adversity is character-forming - so long as you practise the skills of resilience. Research among tycoons and business leaders shows that the path to success is often littered with failure: a record of s
33、ackings, bankruptcies and blistering cas-tigations. But instead of curling into a foetal ball beneath the coffee table, they resiliently pick themselves up, learn from their pratfalls and march boldly towards the next opportunity. The American Psychological Association defines resilience as the abil
34、ity to adapt in the face of adversity, trauma or tragedy. A resilient person may go through difficulty and uncertainty, but he or she will doggedly bounce back. Optimism is one of the central traits required in building resilience, say Yale University investigators in the Annual Review of Clinical P
35、sychology. They add that resilient people learn to hold on to their sense of humour and this can help them to keep a flexible attitude when big changes of plan are warranted. The ability to accept your lot with equanimity also plays an important role, the study adds. One of the best ways to acquire
36、resilience is through experiencing a difficult childhood, the sociologist Steven Stack reports in the Journal of Social Psychology. For example, short men are less likely to commit suicide than tall guys, he says, because shorties develop psychological defence skills to handle the bullies and mickey
37、-taking that their lack of stature attracts. By contrast, those who enjoyed adversity-free youths can get derailed by setbacks later on because theyve never been inoculated against aggro. If you are handicapped by having had a happy childhood, then practising proactive optimism can help you to becom
38、e more resilient. Studies of resilient people show that they take more risks; they court failure and learn not to fear it. And despite being thick-skinned, resilient types are also more open than average to other people. Bouncing through knockbacks is all part of the process. Its about optimistic ri
39、sk-taking being confident that people will like you. Simply smiling and being warm to people can help. Its an altruistic path to self-interest and if it achieves nothing else, it will reinforce an age-old adage: hard times can bring out the best in you. Questions 14-17 Complete the summary below usi
40、ng NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2. Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet. A study group from Yale University had discovered that optimism can stretch ones life length by【 R1】 _years. And another group from Harvard thinks they have found the biological basis optimist
41、s have better【 R1】 _because an optimist outlook boosts ones【 R1】 _. The study on【 R1】 _was cited as evidence in support of this claim. 14 【 R1】 15 【 R2】 16 【 R3】 17 【 R4】 17 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-I, below. Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet
42、. A material wealth doesnt necessarily create happiness. B optimists tend to be unrealistic about human evolution. C optimism is advantageous for human evolution. D adversity is the breeding ground of resilience. E feelings of optimism vary according to gender. F good humor means good flexibility. H
43、 evenness of mind under stress is important to building resilience. I having an optimistic outlook is a habit. 18 Brice Pitt believes 19 The research at Henley Center discovers 20 The study conducted by Adweek finds 21 The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology reports 22 Steven Stack says in his repo
44、rt 22 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement agrees with claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer th
45、inks about this 23 The benefits of optimism on health have been long-known. （ A） Yes （ B） No （ C） Not Given 24 Optimists have better relationships with people than pessimists. （ A） Yes （ B） No （ C） Not Given 25 People with happy childhoods wont be able to practise optimism. （ A） Yes （ B） No （ C） Not
46、 Given 26 Resilient people are often open, and even thick-skinned. （ A） Yes （ B） No （ C） Not Given 26 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. The Columbian Exchange A Millions of years ago, continental drift carried the Old World and New World
47、s apart, splitting North and South America from Eurasia and Africa. That separation lasted so long that it fostered divergent evolution; for instance, the development of rattlesnakes on one side of the Atlantic and vipers on the other. After 1492, human voyagers in part reversed this tendency. Their
48、 artificial re-establishment of connections through the commingling of Old and New World plants, animals, and bacteria, commonly known as the Columbian Exchange, is one of the more spectacular and significant ecological events of the past millennium. B When Europeans first touched the shores of the
49、Americas, Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the Atlantic, and New World crops such as maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc had not traveled east to Europe. In the Americas, there were no horses, cattle, sheep, or goats, all animals of Old World origin. Except for the llama, alpaca, dog, a few fowl, and guinea pig, the New World had no equivalents to the domesticated animals associated with the Old World, nor did it have the pathogens associated with the Old Worlds dense populatio
