1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 101及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The Extraordinary Watkin Tench At the end of 18th century, life for the average British citizen was changing. The population grew as health and indus
2、trialisation took hold of the country. However, land and resources were limited. Families could not guarantee jobs for all of their children. People who were poor or destitute had little option. To make things worse, the rate of people who turned to crime to make a living increased. In Britain, the
3、prisons were no longer large enough to hold the convicted people of this growing criminal class. Many towns and governments were at a loss as to what to do. However, another phenomenon that was happening in the 18th century was exploration of other continents. There were many ships looking for crew
4、members who would risk a month-long voyage across a vast ocean. This job was risky and dangerous, so few would willingly choose it. However, with so many citizens without jobs or with criminal convictions, they had little choice. One such member of this new lower class of British citizens was named
5、Watkin Tench. Between 1788 and 1868, approximately 161,700 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies of New South Wales, Van Diemens land and Western Australia. Tench was one of these unlucky convicts to sign onto a dangerous journey. When his ship set out in 1788, he signed a three years
6、 service to the First Fleet. Apart from his years in Australia, people knew little about his life back in Britain. It was said he was born on 6 October 1758 at Chester in the county of Cheshire in England. He came from a decent background. Tench was a son of Fisher Tench, a dancing master who ran a
7、boarding school in the town and Margaritta Tarleton of the Liverpool Tarletons. He grew up around a finer class of British citizens, and his family helped instruct the children of the wealthy in formal dance lessons. Though we dont know for sure how Tench was educated in this small British town, we
8、do know that he is well educated. His diaries from his travels to Australia are written in excellent English, a skill that not everyone was lucky to possess in the 18th century. Aside from this, we know little of Tenchs beginnings. We dont know how he ended up convicted of a crime. But after he star
9、ted his voyage, his life changed dramatically. During the voyage, which was harsh and took many months, Tench described landscape of different places. While sailing to Australia, Tench saw landscapes that were unfamiliar and new to him. Arriving in Australia, the entire crew was uncertain of what wa
10、s to come in their new life. When they arrived in Australia, they established a British colony. Governor Philip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony. Though still a young man, Philip was enlightened for his age. From stories of other British colonies, Philip learnt t
11、hat conflict with the original peoples of the land was often a source of strife and difficulties. To avoid this, Philips personal intent was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people. But Philips job was even more difficult considering his crew. Other colonies were established w
12、ith middle-class merchants and craftsmen. His crew were convicts, who had few other skills outside of their criminal histories. Along with making peace with the Aboriginal people, Philip also had to try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony. From the beginning, Tench stood out a
13、s different from the other convicts. During his initial time in Australia, he quickly rose in his rank, and was given extra power and responsibility over the convicted crew members. However, he was also still very different from the upper-class rulers who came to rule over the crew. He showed humani
14、ty towards the convicted workers. He didnt want to treat them as common criminals, but as trained military men. Under Tenchs authority, he released the convicts chains which were used to control them during the voyage. Tench also showed mercy towards the Aboriginal people. Governor Philip often purs
15、ued violent solutions to conflicts with the Aboriginal peoples. Tench disagreed strongly with this method. At one point, he was unable to follow the order given by the Governor Philip to punish the ten Aboriginals. When they first arrived, Tench was fearful and contemptuous towards the Aboriginals,
16、because the two cultures did not understand each other. However, gradually he got to know them individually and became close friends with them. Tench knew that the Aboriginal people would not cause them conflict if they looked for a peaceful solution. Though there continued to be conflict and violen
17、ce, Tenchs efforts helped establish a more peaceful negotiation between the two groups when they settled territory and land-use issues. Meanwhile, many changes were made to the new colony. The Hawkesbury River was named by Governor Philip in June 1789. Many native bird species to the river were hunt
18、ed by travelling colonists. The colonists were having a great impact on the land and natural resources. Though the colonists had made a lot of progress in the untamed lands of Australia, there were still limits. The convicts were notoriously ill-informed about Australian geography, as was evident in
19、 the attempt by twenty absconders to walk from Sydney to China in 1791, believing: “China might be easily reached, being not more than a hundred miles distant, and separated only by a river.“ In reality, miles of ocean separated the two. Much of Australia was unexplored by the convicts. Even Tench h
20、ad little understanding of what existed beyond the established lines of their colony. Slowly, but surely, the colonists expanded into the surrounding area. A few days after arrival at Botany Bay, their original location, the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where a settlement was establ
21、ished at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788. This second location was strange and unfamiliar, and the fleet was on alert for any kind of suspicious behaviors. Though Tench had made friends in Botany Bay with Aboriginal peoples, he could not be sure this new land would be uninhabited. He recalled the fir
22、st time he stepped into this unfamiliar ground with a boy who helped Tench navigate. In these new lands, he met an old Aboriginal. Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-6 on you answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees wit
23、h the information FALSE if the statement contradicts with the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this. 1 There was a great deal of information available about the life of Tench before he arrived in Australia. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 2 Tench drew pictures to illustrate di
24、fferent places during the voyage. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 3 Military personnel in New South Wales treated convicts kindly. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 4 Tenchs view towards the Aboriginals remained unchanged during his time in Australia. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 5 An A
25、boriginal gave him gifts of food at the first time they met. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 6 The convicts had a good knowledge of Australian geography. （ A） TRUE （ B） FALSE （ C） NOT GIVEN 6 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answ
26、er. Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet. 7 What could be a concrete proof of Tenchs good education? 8 How many years did Tench sign the contract to the First Fleet? 9 What was used to control convicts during the voyage? 10 Who gave the order to punish the Aboriginals? 11 When did t
27、he name of Hawkesbury River come into being? 12 Where did the escaped convicts plan to go? 13 Where did Tench first meet an old Aboriginal? 13 Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-viii, i
28、n boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i Unsuccessful deceit ii Biological basis between liars and artists iii How to lie in an artistic way iv Confabulations and the exemplifiers v The distinction between artists and common liars vi The fine line between liars and artists vii The defi
29、nition of confabulation viii Creativity when people lie Are Artists Liars? A Shortly before his death, Marlon Brando was working on a series of instructional videos about acting, to be called “Lying for a Living“. On the surviving footage, Brando can be seen dispensing gnomic advice on his craft to
30、a group of enthusiastic, if somewhat bemused, Hollywood stars, including Leonardo Di Caprio and Sean Penn. Brando also recruited random people from the Los Angeles street and persuaded them to improvise (the footage is said to include a memorable scene featuring two dwarves and a giant Samoan). “If
31、you can lie, you can act,“ Brando told Jod Kaftan, a writer for Rolling Stone and one of the few people to have viewed the footage. “Are you good at lying?“ asked Kaftan. “Jesus,“ said Brando, “Im fabulous at it“ B Brando was not the first person to note that the line between an artist and a liar is
32、 a fine one. If art is a kind of lying, then lying is a form of art, albeit of a lower order as Oscar Wilde and Mark Twain have observed. Indeed, lying and artistic storytelling spring from a common neurological root one that is exposed in the cases of psychiatric patients who suffer from a particul
33、ar kind of impairment. Both liars and artists refuse to accept the tyranny of reality. Both carefully craft stories that are worthy of belief a skill requiring intellectual sophistication, emotional sensitivity and physical self-control (liars are writers and performers of then-own work). Such paral
34、lels are hardly coincidental, as I discovered while researching my book on lying. C A case study published in 1985 by Antonio Damasio, a neurologist, tells the story of a middle-aged woman with brain damage caused by a series of strokes. She retained cognitive abilities, including coherent speech, b
35、ut what she actually said was rather unpredictable. Checking her knowledge of contemporary events, Damasio asked her about the Falklands War. In the language of psychiatry, this woman was “confabulating“. Chronic confabulation is a rare type of memory problem that affects a small proportion of brain
36、damaged people. In the literature it is defined as “the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive“. Whereas amnesiacs make errors of omission there are gaps in their recollections they find impossible to fill
37、 confabulators make errors of commission: they make things up. Rather than forgetting, they are inventing. Confabulating patients are nearly always oblivious to their own condition, and will earnestly give absurdly implausible explanations of why theyre in hospital, or talking to a doctor. One patie
38、nt, asked about his surgical scar, explained that during the Second World War he surprised a teenage girl who shot him three times m the head, killing him, only for surgery to bring him back to life. The same patient, when asked about his family, described how at various times they had died in his a
39、rms, or had been killed before his eyes. Others tell yet more fantastical tales, about trips to the moon, fighting alongside Alexander in India or seeing Jesus on the Cross. Confabulators arent out to deceive. They engage in what Morris Moscovitch, a neuropsychologist, calls “honest lying“. Uncertai
40、n, and obscurely distressed by their uncertainty, they are seized by a “compulsion to narrate“ : a deep-seated need to shape, order and explain what they do not understand. Chronic confabulators are often highly inventive at the verbal level, jamming together words in nonsensical but suggestive ways
41、: one patient, when asked what happened to Queen Marie Antoinette of France, answered that she had been “suicided“ by her family. In a sense, these patients are like novelists, as described by Henry James: people on whom “nothing is wasted“. Unlike writers, however, they have little or no control ov
42、er their own material. D The wider significance of this condition is what it tells us about ourselves. Evidently there is a gushing river of verbal creativity in the normal human mind, from which both artistic invention and lying are drawn. We are bom storytellers, spinning narrative out of our expe
43、rience and imagination, straining against the leash that keeps us tethered to reality. This is a wonderful thing; it is what gives us our ability to conceive of alternative futures and different worlds. And it helps us to understand our own lives through the entertaining stories of others. But it ca
44、n lead us into trouble, particularly when we try to persuade others that our inventions are real. Most of the time, as our stories bubble up to consciousness, we exercise our cerebral censors, controlling which stories we tell, and to whom. Yet people lie for all sorts of reasons, including the fact
45、 that confabulating can be dangerously fun. E During a now-famous libel case in 1996, Jonathan Aitken, a former cabinet minister, recounted a tale to illustrate the horrors he endured after a national newspaper tainted his name. The case, which stretched on for more than two years, involved a scries
46、 of claims made by the Guardian about Aitkens relationships with Saudi arms dealers, including meetings he allegedly held with them on a trip to Paris while he was a government minister. What amazed many in hindsight was the sheer superfluity of the lies Aitken told during his testimony. Aitkens cas
47、e collapsed in June 1997, when the defence finally found indisputable evidence about his Paris trip. Until then, Aitkens charm, fluency and flair for theatrical displays of sincerity looked as if they might bring him victory. They revealed that not only was Aitkens daughter not with him that day (wh
48、en he was indeed doorstepped), but also that the minister had simply got into his car and drove off, with no vehicle in pursuit. F Of course, unlike Aitken, actors, playwrights and novelists arc not literally attempting to deceive us, because the rules are laid out in advance: come to the theatre, o
49、r open this book, and well lie to you. Perhaps this is why we felt it necessary to invent art in the first place: as a safe space into which our lies can be corralled, and channeled into something socially useful. Given the universal compulsion to tell stories, art is the best way to refine and enjoy the particularly outlandish or insightful ones. But that is not the whole story. The key way in which artistic “lies“ differ from normal lies, and from the “honest lying“ of chronic confabulators, is that they have a meaning and resonance beyond their creator. The liar li
